Cited by 327Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthDeath, Funerary Practices, and MourningSuicide and Self-Harm Studies

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PREDICTORS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DISTRESS AFTER SUICIDE, SIDS AND ACCIDENTS

DYREGROV, KARI, NORDANGER, DAG, DYREGROV, ATLE·2003·Death Studies

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Abstract

This article compares the outcome and predictors of psychosocial distress of parents bereaved by young suicides, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and child accidents. One objective is to explore whether suicide bereavement is more difficult for those left behind than other forms of bereavement. Data have been collected from 140 families, consisting of 232 parents, by the use of the Impact of Event Scale, the General Health Questionnaire, and the Inventory of Traumatic Grief. Qualitative aspects of bereavement are assessed by in-depth interviews with family members from 40 families. The results show that the similarities between the samples on outcome and predictors are more striking than the differences, which is explained by the common traumatic aspect of unexpected and violent deaths. One and a half years post-loss, 57-78% of the survivors scored above the cut-off levels for traumatic grief reactions. Although no significant differences are found between survivors of suicide and accidents, both groups evidence significantly greater subjective distress than the survivors of SIDS. Self-isolation is by far the best predictor of psychosocial distress in all three samples. Rather than focusing on the exceptional position of suicide survivors, it seems important to call attention to sudden and traumatic death in general as a factor to be associated with post-traumatic reactions and complicated mourning.

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Experiences of Social Networks Supporting Traumatically Bereaved
Dyregrov, K. (2006) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/claa-x2lw-jhqj-t2dm · Cited by 58
Life after loss: Parent bereavement and coping experiences after infant death in the neonatal intensive care unit
Currie, E. R., Christian, B. J., Hinds, P. S., Perna, S. J., Robinson, C. B., Day, S. W., Bakitas, M. A., & Meneses, K. (2018) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2018.1474285 · Cited by 48
Parental Relationships following the Loss of a Child
Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., & Dyregrov, K. (2019) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2019.1666482 · Cited by 51
“In another Norwegian study of a 1997–98 cohort of SIDS parents, 57% agreed to participate 1.5 years after the death of their child (Dyregrov, 2003; Dyregrov et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Effects on life satisfaction of older adults after child and spouse bereavement
Bratt, A. S., Stenström, U., & Rennemark, M. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1135874 · Cited by 47
A literature review on bereavement and bereavement care
Wimpenny, P., Unwin, R., Dempster, P., Grundy, M., Work, F., Brown, A. H., & Wilcock, S. E. (2007) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682620708657678 · Cited by 50
The Development of Effective Message Content for Suicide Intervention
Aldrich, R. S., & Cerel, J. (2009) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.4.174 · Cited by 45
Does ‘Time Heal all Wounds?’ The Prevalence and Predictors of Prolonged Grief Among Drug-Death Bereaved Family Members: A Cross-Sectional Study
Titlestad, K. B., & Dyregrov, K. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221098584 · Cited by 51
“In a nationwide study of those bereaved by suicides, accidents and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Dyregrov et al. (2003) found that self-isolation was the main predictor of complicated grief reactions, general psychological health and trauma reactions.”
Background
Untold Stories of Infant Loss
O’Leary, J. M., & Warland, J. (2013) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/1074840713495972 · Cited by 45
Suicide Bereavement and Complicated Grief: Experiential Avoidance as a Mediating Mechanism
Nam, I. (2015) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2015.1067099 · Cited by 42
Bereavement and divorce: Does the death of a child affect parents’ marital stability?
Lyngstad, T. H. (2013) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620.2013.821762 · Cited by 42
Bereaved Parents’ Perception of the Grandparents’ Reactions to Perinatal Loss and the Pregnancy That Follows
O’Leary, J. M., Warland, J., & Parker, L. (2011) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/1074840711414908 · Cited by 41
“As reported by others (Bath, 2009; Dyregrov et al., 2003; Laakso & Paunomen-Illmonen, 2002; McKissock & McKissock, 1991), emotional and social support regarding the deceased baby’s personhood as a member of the family, both at the time of loss and in the pregnancy that followed, had consequences…”
Background
Media exposure and prolonged grief: A study of bereaved parents and siblings after the 2011 Utøya Island terror attack.
Kristensen, P., Dyregrov, K., Dyregrov, A., & Heir, T. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000131 · Cited by 50
Traumatic Bereavement and Mindfulness: A Preliminary Study of Mental Health Outcomes Using the ATTEND Model
Thieleman, K., Cacciatore, J., & Hill, P. W. (2014) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-014-0491-4 · Cited by 45
“Bereaved parents have been found to be at increased risk for a variety of problems, including depression, anxiety, PTSD (Badenhorst et al. 2006; Boyle et al. 1996), complicated grief, health problems (Dyregrov et al. 2003), and marital problems (Rogers et al. 2008).”
Background
Prolonged grief and posttraumatic stress disorder following the loss of a significant other: An investigation of cognitive and behavioural differences
Smith, K. V., & Ehlers, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248852 · Cited by 46
“These findings are in line with previous research that highlighted psychosocial problems such a self-isolation [60] and loneliness [61] as predictors of post-loss mental health problems.”
Result
Parents coping with the death of their child: From individual to interpersonal to interactive perspectives
Stroebe, M., Schut, H. A. W., & Finkenauer, C. (2013) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620.2013.819229 · Cited by 38
“Dyregrov, Nordanger, and Dyregrov (2003) reported that 78% of parents following the violent loss of their child (suicide or accident) scored above the cut-off levels for complicated grief reactions oneand-a-half years post-loss.”
Background
The Effect of Sudden Death Bereavement on the Risk for Suicide
Hamdan, S., Berkman, N., Lavi, N., Levy, S., & Brent, D. A. (2019) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000635 · Cited by 51
‘When Your Child Dies You Don’t Belong in That World Any More’– Experiences of Mothers Whose Child with an Intellectual Disability has Died
Reilly, D., Huws, J. C., Hastings, R. P., & Vaughan, F. L. (2008) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00427.x · Cited by 38
Adaptive and Maladaptive Dependency in Bereavement: Distinguishing Prolonged and Resolved Grief Trajectories
Denckla, C. A., Mancini, A., Bornstein, R., & Bonanno, G. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.014 · Cited by 34
The Bereaved Parent Needs Assessment
Meert, K. L., Templin, T., Michelson, K. N., Morrison, W. E., Hackbarth, R. M., Custer, J. R., Schim, S. M., Briller, S. H., & Thurston, C. S. (2012) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31825fe164 · Cited by 37
“8 Cause of death, n (%) Sepsis/multiple organ failure 19 (20) Cardiac 15 (16) Neurologic 15 (16) Respiratory 13 (14) Malignancy 8 (9) Trauma 4 (4) Other/unknown 20 (21)”
When a Child Dies
Thieleman, K., & Cacciatore, J. (2013) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731512474695 · Cited by 37
Parental Bereavement: A Panoramic View
Hunt, S., & Greeff, A. P. (2011) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.64.1.d · Cited by 35
“Research associated with the circumstances surrounding a death has revealed themes regarding the causes of death, the time available to prepare for the death, and ways in which the news is broken to the family (Anderson et al., 2005; Currier, Holland, & Neimeyer, 2006; Dyregrov et al., 2003; Kessee, Currier, & Neimeye…”
BackgroundResult
Sudden death of father or sibling in early childhood increases risk for psychotic disorder
Clarke, M. C., Tanskanen, A. J., HUTTUNEN, M. O., & Cannon, M. D. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.024 · Cited by 34
“Previous work has shown that deaths that have a sudden and a violent element to them are similar in their impact on grief reactions and mental health outcomes (Dyregrov et al., 2003).”
Is the Emotional Response of Survivors Dependent on the Consequences of the Suicide and the Support Received?
Schneider, B., Grebner, K., Schnabel, A., & Georgi, K. (2011) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000081 · Cited by 33
Events Prior to Completed Suicide: Perspectives of Family Survivors
Peters, K., Murphy, G., & Jackson, D. W. (2013) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.751639 · Cited by 38
“A study by Dryregrov, Nordanger, and Dyregrov (2003), focusing on individual experiences of distress for those bereaved by suicide, found that those who had become socially isolated after bereavement had the highest levels of personal distress.”
Background
Living with loss: a cognitive approach to prolonged grief disorder – incorporating complicated, enduring and traumatic grief
Duffy, M., & Wild, J. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000674 · Cited by 42
“Dyregrov et al .”
The Experiences of Parents Readjusting to the Workplace Following the Death of a Child by Suicide
Gibson, J., Gallagher, M., & Jenkins, M. (2010) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2010.482879 · Cited by 42
“Though this may appear to be a functional way of coping at the time, self-isolation following the sudden death of a child can lead to increased psychosocial distress levels (Dyregrov et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Forgotten grievers: an exploration of the grief experiences of bereaved grandparents (part 2)
Gilrane-McGarry, U., & O'Grady, T. (2012) · International Journal of Palliative Nursing · doi:10.12968/ijpn.2012.18.4.179 · Cited by 32
Strategies of professional assistance after traumatic deaths: Empowerment or disempowerment?
Dyregrov, K. (2004) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2004.00393.x · Cited by 31
“Moreover, social and emotional withdrawal often acts as a barrier to accepting offers of social support, and professional assistance (Dyregrov et al., 2003; Murray et al., 2000; Wertheimer, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
Factors Related to Complicated Grief among Bereaved Individuals after the Wenchuan Earthquake in China
Hu, X., Li, X., Dou, X., & Li, R. (2015) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.157647 · Cited by 35
“Social isolation is associated with maladjustment after a sudden loss.[38] Therefore, lack of social interaction among female bereaved in this study may increase the symptoms of CG.”
Background
Parental Bereavement After the Death of an Offspring in a Motor Vehicle Collision: A Population-based Study
Bolton, J. M., Au, W., Walld, R., Chateau, D. G., Martens, P. J., Leslie, W. D., Enns, M. W., & Sareen, J. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt247 · Cited by 31
Complicated Grief Following the Traumatic Loss of a Child: A Systematic Review
Champion, M. J., & Kilcullen, M. (2023) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228231170417 · Cited by 32
“Dyregrov et al. (2003) also identi ﬁ ed that having surviving children served as a protective factor following parental bereavement.”
Influential
Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x07_trauma_and_stressor_related_disorders · Cited by 34
Prolonged grief disorder in Chinese Shidu parents who have lost their only child
Zhang, H., Shang, Z., Wu, L., Sun, Z., Zhang, F., Sun, L., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1726071 · Cited by 34

Authors: DYREGROV, K., NORDANGER, D., & DYREGROV, A.
Affiliations: Senter for Krisepsykologi (NO)
ORCID: DYREGROV, KARI
NORDANGER, DAG
DYREGROV, ATLE
Venue: Death Studies
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2003-02
Volume: 27
Issue: 2
Pages: 143-165
ISSN: 0748-1187 (ISSN-L)
1091-7683
DOI: 10.1080/07481180302892
OpenAlex: W2039200053
Cited by: 327
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 7.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Death Studies (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Keywords: suicide bereavement, sudden infant death syndrome, child accidents, traumatic grief, psychosocial distress, complicated grief, self-isolation, predictors of distress
MeSH terms: Accidents, Age Factors, Female, Forecasting, Grief, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Norway, Parents, Sex Factors, Social Alienation, Sudden Infant Death, Suicide

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PREDICTORS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DISTRESS AFTER SUICIDE, SIDS AND ACCIDENTS

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