Tobacco smoking: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite reductions in prevalence in recent years, tobacco smoking remains one of the main preventable causes of ill-health and premature death worldwide. This paper reviews the extent and nature of harms caused by smoking, the benefits of stopping, patterns of smoking, psychological, pharmacological and social factors that contribute to uptake and maintenance of smoking, the effectiveness of population and individual level interventions aimed at combatting tobacco smoking, and the effectiveness of methods used to reduce the harm caused by continued use of tobacco or nicotine in some form. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Smoking behaviour is maintained primarily by the positive and negative reinforcing properties of nicotine delivered rapidly in a way that is affordable and palatable, with the negative health consequences mostly being sufficiently uncertain and distant in time not to create sufficient immediate concern to deter the behaviour. Raising immediate concerns about smoking by tax increases, social marketing and brief advice from health professionals can increase the rate at which smokers try to stop. Providing behavioural and pharmacological support can improve the rate at which those quit attempts succeed. Implementing national programmes containing these components are effective in reducing tobacco smoking prevalence and reducing smoking-related death and disease.
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Withdrawal following smoking cessation is acutely associated with heightened levels of stress and negative affect.
“Withdrawal following smoking cessation is acutely associated with heightened levels of stress and negative affect (Shiffman 2004; West 2017).”
From Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · cites this paper as West 2017
For people who are motivated to quit, adding pharmacologic therapy to counseling is more effective than either treatment alone.
“for people who are motivated to quit, the addition of pharmacologic therapy to counseling is more effective than either treatment alone (289).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [289]
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- Authors
- West, R.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- West, Robert
- ORCID
- West, Robert
- Venue
- Psychology & Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-05-28
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1018-1036
- ISSN
- 0887-0446 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8321
- PMC
- PMC5490618
- OpenAlex
- W2618185743
- Cited by
- 694
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 5.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychology and Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (C1417/A22962)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- smoking, nicotine dependence, smoking cessation, harm reduction, smoking prevalence, smoking-related mortality, nicotine reinforcement, smoking cessation interventions, brief advice, social marketing, tobacco taxation
- MeSH terms
- Smoking Prevention, Health Promotion, Humans, Risk Factors, Smoking, Prevalence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
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