The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reduced tetanus antibody titers in overweight children
Open accessAbstract
Under-nutrition impairs immune responses, but far less is known about the impact of over-nutrition, such as obesity, on the response to vaccines. We measured the effect of childhood overweight status on inflammatory mediators, circulating immunoglobulins and tetanus antibodies in fifteen overweight children (BMI > 85 age-adjusted percentile) and 15 age-matched normal weight controls. Fitness was measured by a progressive ramp type exercise test. Lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass were determined by DXA. Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) were used to assess the inflammatory status; and circulating immunoglobulins (IgM, IgA, IgG and IgG subclasses) and specific IgG titer to tetanus were used to assess humoral immunity. Overweight children had higher LBM and percent fat mass, and lower peak VO2 normalized to body weight. IL-6 was significantly higher in the obese children (2.6 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3 pg/ml, in overweight and normal weight children, respectively; p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in TNF-a, IL-1beta and IL-1ra between the groups. No significant differences were found in immunoglobulin levels (IgM, IgA, IgG and IgG subclasses) between the groups. Anti-tetanus IgG antibodies were significantly lower in the overweight children compared to normal weight controls (2.4 +/- 0.6 vs. 4.2 +/- 0.5 IU/ml, in overweight and normal weight children, respectively; p < 0.05). The reduced specific antibody response to tetanus in obese children and adolescent might be due to mechanical factors such as lower relative vaccination dose, or reduced absorption from the injection site due to increased adipose tissue, or related to reduce immune response due to the chronic low grade inflammation expressed by the higher levels of IL-6.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This altered immunity has been associated with suboptimal (reduced) responses to vaccines, including Hepatitis B26 and tetanus,27 and increased susceptibility to influenza.28”
From SARS-CoV-2 vaccine testing and trials in the pediatric population: biologic, ethical, research, and implementation challenges (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
CDC GROWTH CHARTS FOR THE UNITED STATES: METHODS AND DEVELOPMENT 2000
Kuczmarski, R. J., Ogden, C. L., Guo, S. S., Strawn, L. G., Flegal, K. M., & Mei, Z. (2002) · Cited by 6,426
Predicting Obesity in Young Adulthood from Childhood and Parental Obesity
Whitaker, R. C., Wright, J. A., PEPE, M. S., Seidel, K. D., & Dietz, W. H. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199709253371301 · Cited by 4,433
2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development.
Kuczmarski, R. J., Ogden, C. L., Guo, S. S., Grummer‐Strawn, L. M., Flegal, K. M., Mei, Z., Wei, R. X., Curtin, L. R., Roche, A. F., & Johnson, C. L. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 3,716
Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue
Trayhurn, P., & Wood, I. S. (2004) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041213 · Cited by 2,210
Childhood obesity, prevalence and prevention
Dehghan, M., Akhtar‐Danesh, N., & Merchant, A. T. (2005) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-4-24 · Cited by 732
Mechanisms of nutrient modulation of the immune response
Cunningham–Rundles, S., McNeeley, D. F., & Moon, A. (2005) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.036 · Cited by 543
Aerobic parameters of exercise as a function of body size during growth in children
Cooper, D. M., Weiler‐Ravell, D., Whipp, B. J., & Wasserman, K. (1984) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.56.3.628 · Cited by 431
Self-citationLow-Grade Systemic Inflammation in Overweight Children
Visser, M., Bouter, L. M., McQuillan, G. M., Wener, M. H., & Harris, T. B. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.107.1.e13 · Cited by 405
Obesity as a Predictor of Poor Antibody Response to Hepatitis B Plasma Vaccine
Weber, D. J. (1985) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1985.03360220053027 · Cited by 345
Trzonkowski, P., Myśliwska, J. M., Szmit, E., Wickiewicz, J., Łukaszuk, K., Brydak, L. B., Machała, M. K., & Myśliwski, A. (2003) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00309-8 · Cited by 341
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Kuczmarski RJ, 2000, Vital Health Stat, 11, 1
- Kravets EB, 1988, Probl Endokrinol (Mosk), 34, 11
- Tanaka S, 1993, Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord, 17, 631
- Tanaka S, 2001, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 54, 347
- McMurray DN, 1982, Int J Obes, 6, 61
- Pershin BB, 2002, Russ J Immunol, 7, 2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Popkin, B. M., Du, S., Green, W. D., Beck, M. A., Algaith, T., Herbst, C. H., Alsukait, R. F., Alluhidan, M., Alazemi, N., & Shekar, M. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13128 · Cited by 1,150
Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Immunity
Andersen, C. J., Murphy, K. E., & Fernandez, M. L. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.010207 · Cited by 701
Obesity is associated with impaired immune response to influenza vaccination in humans
Sheridan, P. A., Paich, H. A., Handy, J., Karlsson, E. A., Hudgens, M. G., Sammon, A. B., Holland, L., Weir, S. S., Noah, T. L., & Beck, M. A. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.208 · Cited by 605
“14 Our work with diet-induced obese mice found greater mortality following influenza infection and impaired innate immune responses 15 , as well as, an impaired CD8 + T cell memory response that increased morbidity and mortality from a secondary influenza challenge.”
Influence of Resveratrol on the Immune Response
Malaguarnera, L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11050946 · Cited by 553
The impact of obesity on the immune response to infection
Milner, J. J., & Beck, M. A. (2012) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665112000158 · Cited by 439
Metadata
- Authors
- Eliakim, A., Swindt, C., Zaldivar, F., Casali, P., & Cooper, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- ORCID
- Casali, Paolo
- Venue
- Autoimmunity
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 137-141
- ISSN
- 0891-6934 (ISSN-L)
- 1607-842X
- PMC
- PMC4623573
- OpenAlex
- W2121911451
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Autoimmunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL080947, HL 080947)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR040908)
- National Center for Research Resources (M-01RR00827, M01RR000827)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD23969)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- childhood obesity, overweight children, vaccine response, interleukin-6, low-grade inflammation, humoral immunity, immunoglobulins, adipose tissue, lean body mass, exercise capacity, adipokines
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Antibodies, Bacterial, Child, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Male, Obesity, Tetanus Toxoid, Case-Control Studies, Cytokines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
