Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: a global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships
Open accessAbstract
Summary: The linkage of individuals with obesity and COVID‐19 is controversial and lacks systematic reviews. After a systematic search of the Chinese and English language literature on COVID‐19, 75 studies were used to conduct a series of meta‐analyses on the relationship of individuals with obesity–COVID‐19 over the full spectrum from risk to mortality. A systematic review of the mechanistic pathways for COVID‐19 and individuals with obesity is presented. Pooled analysis show individuals with obesity were more at risk for COVID‐19 positive, >46.0% higher (OR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.30–1.65; p < 0.0001); for hospitalization, 113% higher (OR = 2.13; 95% CI, 1.74–2.60; p < 0.0001); for ICU admission, 74% higher (OR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.46–2.08); and for mortality, 48% increase in deaths (OR = 1.48; 95% CI, 1.22–1.80; p < 0.001). Mechanistic pathways for individuals with obesity are presented in depth for factors linked with COVID‐19 risk, severity and their potential for diminished therapeutic and prophylactic treatments among these individuals. Individuals with obesity are linked with large significant increases in morbidity and mortality from COVID‐19. There are many mechanisms that jointly explain this impact. A major concern is that vaccines will be less effective for the individuals with obesity.
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COVID-19 caused especially high morbidity and mortality among people with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and heart disease.
“COVID-19 has imposed especially high morbidity and mortality burdens on people with comorbid conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and heart disease.”
From The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as [391]
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Strengthening Local Food Systems in Times of Concomitant Global Crises: Reflections From Chile
Kanter, R., & Boza, S. (2020) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2020.305711 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Prognostic factors in spanish COVID-19 patients: A case series from barcelonaPreprint
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Regina, J., Papadimitriou‐Olivgeris, M., Burger, R., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.11.20097741 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Is sleep apnoea a risk factor for Covid-19? Findings from a retrospective cohort studyPreprint
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The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic
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Who does the model learn from?
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- Authors
- Popkin, B. M., Du, S., Green, W. D., Beck, M. A., Algaith, T., Herbst, C. H., Alsukait, R. F., Alluhidan, M., Alazemi, N., & Shekar, M.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Saudi Health Council (SA)
- World Bank (US)
- Corresponding author
- Popkin, Barry M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Obesity Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-08-26
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e13128-e13128
- ISSN
- 1467-7881 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-789X
- PMC
- PMC7461480
- OpenAlex
- W3080296106
- Cited by
- 1,150
- References
- 227
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 191 · 2022: 277 · 2021: 401 · 2020: 62 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 11.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2021-08-03)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Obesity Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- World Bank Group
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Keywords
- obesity, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 risk, hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mortality, disease severity, mechanistic pathways, vaccine effectiveness, comorbidities
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Obesity, Pneumonia, Viral, Comorbidity, Coronavirus Infections, Internationality, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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