The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Perceptions of Interaction: The critical predictor in distance education
Abstract
This study examined learner perceptions of interaction and satisfaction in a course delivered by interactive television. The participants were 123 K‐6 teachers in a Developmental Approaches in Science and Health program. Three sessions of the ten‐session course were examined. Significant correlations were found between perceptions of personal and overall interaction within the class. Perceptions of personal interaction were a moderate predictor of satisfaction. The critical predictor of satisfaction was the perception of overall interaction. These findings suggest that when learners perceive the level of interaction to be high, they will be more satisfied with instruction than when they perceive the level of interaction to be low. Overall dynamics in interaction may have a stronger impact on learners’ satisfaction than does strictly personal participation. Vicarious interaction within the class as a whole may result in greater learner satisfaction than will the overt engagement of each participant. However, both perceived level of interaction and satisfaction appear to decline with increased exposure to interactive instructional television.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Moore, M. G. (1993) · Cited by 1,762
Educational Technology: A Broader Vision
Wager, W. (1992) · Education and Urban Society · doi:10.1177/0013124592024004003 · Cited by 1,372
Cohen, E. G., & Flanders, N. A. (1971) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1161944 · Cited by 725
The systematic process of motivational design
Keller, J. M. (1987) · Performance + Instruction · doi:10.1002/pfi.4160260902 · Cited by 362
Hackman, M. Z., & Walker, K. B. (1990) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634529009378802 · Cited by 320
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS
McCROSKEY, J. C., & ANDERSEN, J. F. (1976) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00506.x · Cited by 223
Eye Movements in Reading: Facts and Fallacies
Taylor, S. E. (1965) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1161646 · Cited by 209
Ritchie, H., & Newby, T. J. (1989) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923648909526677 · Cited by 127
Carver, R. P. (1982) · Reading Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/747538 · Cited by 90
Miller, J. W. (1993) · Educational Technology archive · Cited by 41
Cited by
BEYOND STUDENT PERCEPTIONS: ISSUES OF INTERACTION, PRESENCE, AND PERFORMANCE IN AN ONLINE COURSE
Picciano, A. G. (2002) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v6i1.1870 · Cited by 1,313
“Many observers and researchers including this author have supported the concept that student to faculty and student to student interactions are important elements in the design of a Web-based course [4], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12].”
BackgroundA Meta-Analysis of Three Types of Interaction Treatments in Distance Education
Bernard, R. M., Abrami, P. C., Borokhovski, E., Wade, C. A., Tamim, R. M., Surkes, M. A., & Bethel, E. C. (2009) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654309333844 · Cited by 1,171
Beldarrain, Y. (2006) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587910600789498 · Cited by 866
Patterns of Interaction in a Computer Conference Transcript
Fahy, P. J., Crawford, G., & Ally, M. (2001) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v2i1.36 · Cited by 174
Learning to learn online: A study of perceptual changes between multiple online course experiences
Arbaugh, J. B. (2004) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2004.06.001 · Cited by 156
Metadata
- Authors
- Fulford, C. P., & Zhang, S.
- Venue
- American Journal of Distance Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1993-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 8-21
- ISSN
- 0892-3647 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-9286
- OpenAlex
- W2077336829
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 12
- FWCI
- 11.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Perceptions of Interaction: The critical predictor in distance education. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/08923649309526830
- The paper
- Fulford, C. P., & Zhang, S. (1993). Perceptions of Interaction: The critical predictor in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923649309526830
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
