Effects of fluconazole on Candida glabrata biofilms and its relationship with ABC transporter gene expression
Abstract
Candida glabrata has emerged as the second most prevalent fungal pathogen and its ability to form biofilms has been considered one of the most important virulence factors, since biofilms present a high tolerance to antifungal agents used in fungal infection treatment. The mechanisms of biofilm tolerance to antifungal agents remain poorly understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fluconazole (FLU) on the formation and control of C. glabrata biofilms and its relation with the expression of genes encoding for ABC transporters, CDR1, SNQ2, and PDR1. For that, minimal inhibitory concentration values for seven C. glabrata strains were determined and the effect of FLU against C. glabrata biofilms was evaluated by total biomass quantification and viable cell enumeration. Matrices from biofilms were analyzed in terms of protein, carbohydrate and DNA content. ABC transporter gene expression was analyzed for quantitative real-time PCR. In addition to the high amounts of proteins and carbohydrates detected in the extracellular matrices in the presence of FLU, this work showed that the overexpression of efflux pumps is a possible mechanism of biofilm tolerance to FLU and this phenomenon alters the structure of C. glabrata biofilms by creating cell clusters.
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Biofilms are very resistant to antifungal treatments.
“For their extraordinary organization, especially regarding the complex structure of the matrix, biofilms are very resistant to antifungal treatments.”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [41]
Candida glabrata biofilm matrix contains proteins, carbohydrates (e.g., β-1,3 glucans), and ergosterol.
“with proteins, carbohydrates (e.g., β-1,3 glucans), and ergosterol in their matrixes [40,41,44].”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [41]
Biofilm formation ability is a virulence factor of Candida glabrata.
“particularly biofilm formation ability”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [41]
Candida glabrata clinical isolates have the ability to form a compact biofilm structure in different multilayers.
“Candida glabrata clinical isolates have the ability to form a compact biofilm structure in different multilayers [40,41]”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [41]
In 2013, our group described that the usual ABC transporters were upregulated in biofilms of three Candida glabrata strains.
“In 2013, our group [41] described that the usual ABC transporters were upregulated in biofilms of three C. glabrata strains.”
From Candida glabrata Biofilms: How Far Have We Come? (2017) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Fonseca, E., Silva, S., Rodrigues, C. F., Alves, C. T., Azeredo, J., & Henriques, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Minho (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Henriques, Mariana
- Venue
- Biofouling
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-03-19
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 447-457
- ISSN
- 0892-7014 (ISSN-L)
- 1029-2454
- OpenAlex
- W1990656167
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 3.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biofouling (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Keywords
- Candida glabrata, biofilm, fluconazole, antifungal resistance, ABC transporters, efflux pumps, CDR1, PDR1, gene expression, extracellular matrix, biofilm structure, cell clusters, minimum inhibitory concentration
- MeSH terms
- Antifungal Agents, Gene Expression Regulation, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Fluconazole, Biofilms, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, Candida glabrata
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