Animal-assisted Psychotherapy and Trauma: A Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
The present meta-analysis examined the efficacy of animal-assisted psychotherapy for individuals who have experienced trauma. Eight studies quantitatively assessed the treatment effects of involvement in animal-assisted psychotherapy. A random effects model was used to aggregate each study into an overall effect size. Eight effect sizes were included in the pre-versus post-comparison analysis. The results indicate a large effect size (Hedge’s g = 0.86, p < 0.001, 95% CI [.53, 1.18]). Two effect sizes were included in the treatment versus control comparison analysis. The results indicated a small to moderate effect size (g = 0.46, p = 0.03, 95% CI [0.04, 0.06]). Limited moderator analyses were able to be conducted due to lack of consistent reporting across studies. Place of study and percentage of female participants in the treatment group were found to statistically moderate the effect of animal-assisted psychotherapy. The results indicate that animal-assisted therapy is an efficacious treatment for trauma.
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Eight systematic reviews have indicated that multi-species AAIs may be effective as an adjunctive treatment for human health and wellbeing.
“Eight systematic reviews have indicated that multi-species AAIs may be effective as an adjunctive treatment for human health and wellbeing [10–17].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that this meta-analysis found animal-assisted psychotherapy effective for trauma and PTSD symptoms, so it supports the claim that an animal-assisted intervention may be beneficial. Its findings concern trauma-related treatment, however, and do not establish effectiveness as an adjunctive treatment for human health and wellbeing broadly. The count of eight reviews belongs to the citing sentence’s citation group, not to this source alone. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTo date the impact of nature (being outdoors) has not been separated from the impact of animal species [14, 85].
“To date the impact of nature (being outdoors) has not been separated from the impact of animal species [14, 85].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
The Future Directions section says a study is needed in which animal species is the only variable changed, supporting the concern that species-specific effects have not been isolated. But the Discussion reports separate moderator analyses for indoor versus outdoor therapy and for species; it does not establish the broader claim that the impact of being outdoors has not been separated from the impact of species. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOf the seven reviews that explored psychological variables, all concluded that AAI may be beneficial in reducing psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, trauma symptoms, mental illness or addiction.
“Of the seven reviews that explored psychological variables, all concluded that AAI may be beneficial in reducing psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, trauma symptoms, mental illness or addiction [10–16].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Only one review focused specifically on AAT, exploring the impact of AAP on trauma-related symptoms across the lifespan.
“Whilst the aforementioned reviews all examined psychological and or psychosocial variables, only one focused specifically on AAT, exploring the impact of AAP on trauma-related symptoms across the lifespan [14].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Previous reviewers have noted that format (group), dose, or location (indoors/outdoors) may impact outcomes [11, 14].
“Whilst previous reviewers have noted that format (group), dose, or location (indoors/outdoors) may impact outcomes [11, 14], this review is inconclusive.”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Germain, S. M., Wilkie, K. D., Milbourne, V. M. K., & Theule, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Theule, Jennifer
- ORCID
- Theule, Jennifer
- Venue
- Anthrozoös
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-03-04
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 141-164
- ISSN
- 0892-7936 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-0377
- OpenAlex
- W2791820041
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 0.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Anthrozoös (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Mspace (University of Manitoba) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- animal-assisted psychotherapy, trauma, treatment efficacy, human-animal interaction, effect size, moderators, sex differences
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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