Is Counseling Going to the Dogs? An Exploratory Study Related to the Inclusion of an Animal in Group Counseling with Adolescents
Abstract
Research has demonstrated that the use of animals in counseling provides beneficial effects to clients. This article presents literature on Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT), and details an exploratory study that applied AAT in an adolescent anger management group. Consistent with other research, beneficial effects noted in this study included a calming effect on the adolescents, humor relief during sessions, increased feelings of safety in the group, experiencing empathy, and motivation to attend sessions. Implications of the research and practical applications are provided, including considerations for using AAT in the counseling process.
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Two studies were ranked as 'poor' for methodological quality.
“Two of the studies were ranked as ‘poor’ for methodological quality [75, 76].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Lange et al. [75] acknowledged that their sample size was too small to draw any conclusions from the data.
“Lange, Cox [75] acknowledged that their sample size was too small to draw any conclusions from the data.”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In Lange et al. [75], it was unclear if the facilitator conducted the qualitative interview, which has the potential for bias.
“It was also unclear if the facilitator conducted the qualitative interview, which has the potential for bias.”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In Lange et al. [75], the process for recruiting and selecting participants was not reported, nor the reason for 2 of the 5 participants withdrawing from the study.
“The process for recruiting and selecting participants was not reported, nor the reason for 2 of the 5 participants withdrawing from the study (i.e., being ‘unavailable’ for the follow up interview).”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Four of the studies included information about the selection, assessment or certification status of the canines employed.
“Four of the studies included information about the selection, assessment or certification status of the canines employed [71–73, 75].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Narrower age ranges appear to have been utilised for group intervention programs in which participants worked collaboratively together and would ideally be developmentally matched.
“Narrower age ranges appear have been utilised for group intervention programs in which participants worked collaboratively together and would ideally be developmentally matched [74–76].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Facilitators were reported to be qualified or student counsellors, social workers, psychologists, or psychiatric hospital staff.
“Facilitators were reported to be qualified or student counsellors [73, 75, 76], social workers [74], psychologists [72], or psychiatric hospital staff [71].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Participants presented with a range of difficulties, including females with a history of physical or sexual abuse, low achievement in school and interpersonal difficulties; males and females requiring an anger management intervention; adolescents referred to counselling for emotional issues; or adolescents admitted to hospital with severe psychiatric illness.
“Participants presented with a range of difficulties, including: females with a history of physical or sexual abuse, low achievement in school & interpersonal difficulties [74]; males and females requiring an anger management intervention [75, 76]; adolescents referred to counselling for emotional issues [56, 73]; or adolescents admitted to hospital with severe psychiatric illness [71, 72].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
The remaining three studies reported group interventions.
“The remaining three studies reported group interventions [74–76].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
No session details were made available for the intervention delivered by Lange, Cox [75], but qualitative analysis indicated both structured and spontaneous interactions.
“No session details were made available, but qualitative analysis indicated both structured and spontaneous interactions.”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Both Hamama et al. [74] and Lange et al. [75] reported goal-focused activities set out by the facilitators.
“Both Hamama, Hamama-Raz [74] and Lange, Cox [75] reported goal-focused activities set out by the facilitators.”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Assessment of the canine and liability issues must also be addressed [75].
“Assessment of the canine and liability issues must also be addressed [75].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Lange, Cox [75] reports that two of five participants were 'unavailable' for follow-up interview with no cause provided.
“Lange, Cox [75] reports that two of five participants were ‘unavailable’ for follow-up interview with no cause provided.”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Lange, Cox [75], Lubbe and Scholtz [56] and Hartwig [73] reported on limitations to feasibility, stating that access to appropriately trained animals and handlers must be considered in addition to facilitator training and supervision.
“Lange, Cox [75], Lubbe and Scholtz [56] and Hartwig [73] reported on limitations to feasibility, stating that access to appropriately trained animals and handlers must be considered in addition to facilitator training and supervision.”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Tolerability is not directly reported in four of the studies [71, 72, 74, 75].
“Tolerability (i.e., intended versus unexpected or unintended consequences) is not directly reported in four of the studies [71, 72, 74, 75].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Lange, Cox [75] found common topics that canine presence was beneficial for: humour; calming; attendance; disclosure; self-soothing; and feeling attached, though there was too little data to conduct thematic analysis.
“There was too little data to conduct thematic analysis, but common topics identified were that canine presence was beneficial for: humour; calming; attendance; disclosure; self-soothing; and feeling attached.”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Qualitative reports also indicate a reduction in negative and disruptive behaviours displayed during interventions [75, 76].
“Qualitative reports also indicate a reduction in negative and disruptive behaviours displayed during interventions [75, 76].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
The canine's ability to increase calm, self-soothing and feelings of attachment may explain the findings on engagement and socialisation [38, 39, 56, 75, 76, 87].
“These findings may be a product of the canine’s ability to increase calm, self-soothing and feelings of attachment [38, 39, 56, 75, 76, 87]”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Positive, pro-social engagements such as talking and showing affection were reported by a number of the authors [56, 71, 72, 75, 76] and are consistent with the existing literature [38, 39].
“Positive, pro-social engagements such as talking and showing affection were reported by a number of the authors [56, 71, 72, 75, 76] and are consistent with the existing literature [38, 39].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Findings were supported by qualitative feedback indicating that CAP improved attendance, disclosure, relationships and communication [56, 75].
“Findings were supported by qualitative feedback indicating that CAP improved attendance, disclosure, relationships and communication [56, 75].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Facilitator training and/or supervision is required [73, 75], even when employing external canine and handler teams [71, 72].
“Facilitator training and/or supervision is required [73, 75], even when employing external canine and handler teams [71, 72].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
Screening, training or assessment of the canines is also required [71-73, 75].
“Screening, training or assessment of the canines is also required [71–73, 75].”
From Incorporating animal-assisted therapy in mental health treatments for adolescents: A systematic review of canine assisted psychotherapy (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
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- Authors
- Lange, A. M., Cox, J. A., Bernert, D. J., & Jenkins, C. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Toledo (US)
- Kent State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Creativity in Mental Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-12-06
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 17-31
- ISSN
- 1540-1383 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-1391
- OpenAlex
- W1989850982
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Creativity in Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Keywords
- animal-assisted therapy, group counseling, adolescents, anger management, dogs, animal-assisted interventions, group safety, empathy, attendance motivation
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