The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reaction Time Distribution Analysis of Neuropsychological Performance in an ADHD Sample
Abstract
Differences in reaction time (RT) variability have been documented between children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Most previous research has utilized estimates of normal distributions to examine variability. Using a nontraditional approach, the present study evaluated RT distributions on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test in children and adolescents from the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD sample compared to a matched sample of normal controls (n = 65 pairs). The ex-Gaussian curve was used to model RT and RT variability. Children with ADHD demonstrated faster RT associated with the normal portion of the curve and a greater proportion of abnormally slow responses associated with the exponential portion of the curve. These results contradict previous interpretation that children with ADHD have slower than normal responding and demonstrate why slower RT is found when estimates of variability assume normal Gaussian distributions. Further, results of this study suggest that the greater number of abnormally long RTs of children with ADHD reflect attentional lapses on some but not all trials.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Research using ex-Gaussian parameters has shown that ADHD-related RTV is largely the result of an elevation in tau [10,13,32].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“In ADHD research, RTV in ADHD is typically interpreted (at least implicitly) as reflecting occasional lapses in attention”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“In a more recent study using a Go/No-go (“continuous performance”) task designed to assess response (including inhibitory) control, investigators found ADHD was associated with abnormalities in both the normal (increased sigma) and exponential (increased tau) components of reaction time distribution (Hervey et al., 2006).”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Analyses characterizing ISV in ADHD has revealed a pattern of occasional responses with unusually long reaction time, with the majority of responses being comparable to comparison groups (Castellanos et al., 2005; Hervey et al., 2006; Leth-Steensen, King Elbaz, & Douglas, 2000).”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Statistical analyses utilizing comparison of group means and variability (i.e., standard deviation), may mask such responses by treating them as outliers or by treating them as “noise” that becomes averaged with other responses (Hervey et al., 2006).”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“However, our findings and those generated by Hervey et al. (2006) indicate that under conditions requiring higher degrees of response control, increased variability in ADHD is present throughout the RT distribution, regardless of ADHD subtype, reflecting inefficiency in neural mechanisms critical to engaging a state of preparedness to respond.”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Our findings of increases in normal (i.e., sigma) as well as exponential (i.e., tau) variability are consistent with that seen in a prior study of ADHD in which ex-Gaussian analysis was applied to a different Go/No-go task (Hervey et al., 2006); in that study children with ADHD also showed increased variability in both the normal and exponential portions of the RT distribution.”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“an Ex-Gaussian analysis revealed that, compared with controls, the ADHD group had lower estimates of m (ie, faster RTs) but a greater t (ie, more long RTs).”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Hervey et al (2006)
In the citing paper
“On the basis of standard analyses, the ADHD group had a longer MRT and greater SD and skewness.”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Hervey et al (2006)
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
Guitton, H., & Siegel, S. (1958) · Revue économique · doi:10.2307/3498751 · Cited by 35,279
Beaton, A. E., & Keppel, G. (1975) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162588 · Cited by 5,857
(1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1073 · Cited by 3,372
Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x · Cited by 3,150 · cited 2×
“Numerous neuropsychological studies have been conducted with children and adults with ADHD attempting to define core cognitive deficits (see Hervey et al, 2004 and Pennington & Ozonoff, 1996 for reviews).”
Background(1986) · Cited by 2,022
Advances in Clinical Child Psychology
Lahey, B. B., & Kazdin, A. E. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9802-8 · Cited by 1,920
Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes
Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn896 · Cited by 1,827 · cited 3×
“This would also provide the opportunity for direct theoretical testing, something that several authors have suggested is highly important for advancements in the study of ADHD (Castellanos & Tannock, 2002; Sergeant, 2000).”
BackgroundADHD and The Nature of Self-Control
Barkley, R. A., & Wasserstein, J. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.14.1.111 · Cited by 1,640
SHAFFER, D., FISHER, P., DULCAN, M. K., DAVIES, M., PIACENTINI, J., SCHWAB-STONE, M. E., LAHEY, B. B., BOURDON, K., JENSEN, P. S., BIRD, H. R., et al. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199607000-00012 · Cited by 1,587
ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control
Hinshaw, S. P. (1998) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199806000-00010 · Cited by 1,209
Self-citationForeperiod and simple reaction time.
Niemi, P., & Näätänen, R. (1981) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.89.1.133 · Cited by 1,133
The Journal of Abnormal Psychology
(1906) · Journal of Mental Science · doi:10.1192/bjp.52.218.580 · Cited by 877
Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
Howell, D. C. (1985) · Cited by 839
Neuropsychology of Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review.
Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., & Curry, J. F. (2004) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.485 · Cited by 781
Self-citationDesign and analysis: A researcher's handbook, 3rd ed.
Keppel, G. (1991) · Cited by 703
The cognitive-energetic model: an empirical approach to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Sergeant, J. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00060-3 · Cited by 645
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580
Leth-Steensen, C., King Elbaz, Z., & Douglas, V. I. (2000) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(00)00019-6 · Cited by 580
Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Hogan, A., & Quay, H. C. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2 · Cited by 507
Continuous Performance Test Performance in a Normative Epidemiological Sample
Conners, C. K., Epstein, J. N., Angold, A. C., & Klaric, J. (2003) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1025457300409 · Cited by 463
Self-citationLosier, B. J., McGrath, P. J., & Klein, R. M. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01494.x · Cited by 424
Contrasting cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder versus reading disability
Pennington, B. F., Groisser, D., & Welsh, M. C. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.3.511 · Cited by 416
Effects of truncation on reaction time analysis.
Ulrich, R., & Miller, J. O. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.123.1.34 · Cited by 397
Kuntsi, J., Oosterlaan, J., & Stevenson, J. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00711 · Cited by 387
Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198510697.003.0024 · Cited by 351
Brain imaging of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
GIEDD, J. N., BLUMENTHAL, J., MOLLOY, E., & CASTELLANOS, F. X. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05772.x · Cited by 331
Information Processing and Energetic Factors in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Sergeant, J. A., Oosterlaan, J., & van der Meere, J. (1999) · Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2_4 · Cited by 324
Common Mechanisms in Perception and Action
Prinz, W., & Hommel, B. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198510697.001.0001 · Cited by 260
Objective measurement of hyperactivity and attentional problems in ADHD
TEICHER, M. H., ITO, Y., GLOD, C. A., & BARBER, N. I. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199603000-00015 · Cited by 243
Arnold, L. E. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830210113015 · Cited by 240
Self-citationStimulant drugs and ADHD : basic and clinical neuroscience
Solanto, M. V., Arnsten, A. F. T., & Castellanos, F. X. (2001) · Cited by 223
Cognitive Control Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Douglas, V. I. (1999) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2_5 · Cited by 220
Neuropsychological Assessment of Response Inhibition in Adults With ADHD
Epstein, J. N., Johnson, D. E., Varia, I., & Conners, C. K. (2001) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.23.3.362.1186 · Cited by 196
Self-citationStimulant Drugs and ADHD: Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
Durant, N. A. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.11.1959-a · Cited by 179
Ridderinkhof, K. R., Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.2.197 · Cited by 174
Sensitivity to Reward Delay in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Tripp, G., & Alsop, B. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00764 · Cited by 170
Psychological Mechanisms in Hyperactivity: II The Role of Genetic Factors
Kuntsi, J., & Stevenson, J. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00712 · Cited by 147
Psychophysiological response of ADHD children to reward and extinction
IABONI, F., DOUGLAS, V. I., & DITTO, B. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02422.x · Cited by 146
Evidence from auditory simple reaction times for both change and level detectors
Burbeck, S. L., & Luce, R. D. (1982) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03204271 · Cited by 136
Characteristics of the Orienting Response in Hyperactive and Normal Children
Cohen, N. J., & Douglas, V. I. (1972) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1972.tb00759.x · Cited by 136
Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Childhood
Routh, D. K. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1501-6 · Cited by 134
Assessing Attention: Comparison of Response-Inhibition and Traditional Continuous Performance Tests
Ballard, J. C. (2001) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/jcen.23.3.331.1188 · Cited by 107
RTSYS: A DOS application for the analysis of reaction time data
Heathcote, A. (1996) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200523 · Cited by 103
Klorman, R., Salzman, L. F., Pass, H. L., Borgstedt, A. D., & Dainer, K. B. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01432.x · Cited by 100
Convergence of Approaches in Localizing the Hyperactivity Deficit
Sergeant, J. A., & van der Meere, J. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9835-6_6 · Cited by 81
Impaired and enhanced attentional function in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Koschack, J., Kunert, H. J., Derichs, G., Weniger, G., & Irle, E. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702007067 · Cited by 61
Reaction time indices of attention deficits in boys with disruptive behavior disorders
Zahn, T. P., Kruesi, M. J. P., & Rapoport, J. L. (1991) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00909980 · Cited by 56
Energetics and the Reaction Process: Running Threads Through Experimental Psychology
van der Molen, M. W. (1996) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 23
Toward an Empirical Child Psychopathology
Sergeant, J. A., & van der Meere, J. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1501-6_3 · Cited by 22
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Conners C. K., 1994, Conners’ continuous performance test computer program, version 3.0
- Keppel G., 1991, Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook
- Swanson J. M., 1992, School-based assessments and interventions for ADD students
- Van der Molen M. W., 1996, Handbook of perception and action, 229
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Competition between functional brain networks mediates behavioral variability
Kelly, A. M. C., Uddin, L. Q., Biswal, B. B., Castellanos, F. X., & Milham, M. P. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.008 · Cited by 1,287
“…populations characterized by increased IIV, the shape of individual response time distributions is predominantly determined by the presence of a large number of abnormally long RTs—an exaggerated positive skew, reflecting attentional lapses (Hervey et al., 2006; Leth-Steensen et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodSonuga-Barke, E. J. S., & Castellanos, F. X. (2007) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.02.005 · Cited by 890
“( 2005 ) recently employed signal processing techniques such as Fast Fourier , and Wavelet Analysis to explore the temporal structure of these long RTs within the general distribution of RTs ( Castellanos et al .”
ResultInfluentialEffective Analysis of Reaction Time Data
Whelan, R. (2008) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395630 · Cited by 847
Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 648
“In addition, RT variability is frequently attributed to periodic lapses in attention (e.g., Hervey et al., 2006); however, Schmiedek et al. (2007) investigated this claim and concluded that attentional lapse models could not account for RT variability.”
BackgroundCheyne, J. A., Solman, G. J. F., Carriere, J. S. A., & Smilek, D. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.12.009 · Cited by 411
“ADHD individuals often have much more variable RTs (Klein, Wendling, Huettner, Ruder, & Peper, 2006) and have been reported to have, occasionally, extremely long RTs (Hervey et al., 2006).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., Curry, J. F., Tonev, S., Eugene Arnold, L., Keith Conners, C., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., & Hechtman, L.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Montreal Children's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Epstein, Jeffery N.
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 125-140
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- OpenAlex
- W2148800933
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01 MH50447, U01MH50461, U01MH50440, U01MH050467, U01MH50454, U01MH050447, U01MH050440, K24MH064478, U01MH050453, U01MH50467, K24 MH64478, U01MH050461, U01MH50453, U01MH050454)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reaction time variability, reaction time distribution, ex-Gaussian distribution, Conners' Continuous Performance Test, attentional lapses, children and adolescents, neuropsychological performance
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Severity of Illness Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
