Reaction Time Distribution Analysis of Neuropsychological Performance in an ADHD Sample
Abstract
Differences in reaction time (RT) variability have been documented between children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Most previous research has utilized estimates of normal distributions to examine variability. Using a nontraditional approach, the present study evaluated RT distributions on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test in children and adolescents from the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD sample compared to a matched sample of normal controls (n = 65 pairs). The ex-Gaussian curve was used to model RT and RT variability. Children with ADHD demonstrated faster RT associated with the normal portion of the curve and a greater proportion of abnormally slow responses associated with the exponential portion of the curve. These results contradict previous interpretation that children with ADHD have slower than normal responding and demonstrate why slower RT is found when estimates of variability assume normal Gaussian distributions. Further, results of this study suggest that the greater number of abnormally long RTs of children with ADHD reflect attentional lapses on some but not all trials.
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Research using ex-Gaussian parameters has shown that ADHD-related reaction time variability is largely due to an elevation in tau.
“Research using ex-Gaussian parameters has shown that ADHD-related RTV is largely the result of an elevation in tau [10,13,32].”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
In ADHD research, reaction time variability is typically interpreted as reflecting occasional lapses in attention.
“In ADHD research, RTV in ADHD is typically interpreted (at least implicitly) as reflecting occasional lapses in attention”
From Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
In a Go/No-go task, ADHD was linked to increased sigma and tau.
“In a more recent study using a Go/No-go (“continuous performance”) task designed to assess response (including inhibitory) control, investigators found ADHD was associated with abnormalities in both the normal (increased sigma) and exponential (increased tau) components of reaction time distribution (Hervey et al., 2006).”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In ADHD, intra-subject variability consists of occasional very long reaction times, while most responses are similar to those of comparison groups.
“Analyses characterizing ISV in ADHD has revealed a pattern of occasional responses with unusually long reaction time, with the majority of responses being comparable to comparison groups (Castellanos et al., 2005; Hervey et al., 2006; Leth-Steensen, King Elbaz, & Douglas, 2000).”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
Comparing group means and standard deviations can hide infrequent long reaction times by treating them as outliers or noise.
“Statistical analyses utilizing comparison of group means and variability (i.e., standard deviation), may mask such responses by treating them as outliers or by treating them as “noise” that becomes averaged with other responses (Hervey et al., 2006).”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
Under conditions requiring higher degrees of response control, increased variability in ADHD is present throughout the RT distribution, regardless of ADHD subtype, reflecting inefficiency in neural mechanisms critical to engaging a state of preparedness to respond.
“However, our findings and those generated by Hervey et al. (2006) indicate that under conditions requiring higher degrees of response control, increased variability in ADHD is present throughout the RT distribution, regardless of ADHD subtype, reflecting inefficiency in neural mechanisms critical to engaging a state of preparedness to respond.”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
The findings of increased sigma and tau variability in ADHD are consistent with a prior study using a different Go/No-go task (Hervey et al., 2006).
“Our findings of increases in normal (i.e., sigma) as well as exponential (i.e., tau) variability are consistent with that seen in a prior study of ADHD in which ex-Gaussian analysis was applied to a different Go/No-go task (Hervey et al., 2006); in that study children with ADHD also showed increased variability in both the normal and exponential portions of the RT distribution.”
From Increased intra-individual reaction time variability in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across response inhibition tasks with different cognitive demands (2009) · cites this paper as Hervey et al., 2006
In Hervey et al.'s Ex-Gaussian analysis, the ADHD group had lower mu, indicating faster reaction times, but greater tau, indicating more long reaction times, than controls.
“an Ex-Gaussian analysis revealed that, compared with controls, the ADHD group had lower estimates of m (ie, faster RTs) but a greater t (ie, more long RTs).”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Hervey et al (2006)
In Hervey et al.'s Go-NoGo study, standard analyses showed the ADHD group had longer mean reaction time and greater standard deviation and skewness than controls.
“On the basis of standard analyses, the ADHD group had a longer MRT and greater SD and skewness.”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Hervey et al (2006)
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- Authors
- Hervey, A. S., Epstein, J. N., Curry, J. F., Tonev, S., Eugene Arnold, L., Keith Conners, C., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., & Hechtman, L.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Duke University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Montreal Children's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Epstein, Jeffery N.
- Venue
- Child Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 125-140
- ISSN
- 0929-7049 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-4136
- OpenAlex
- W2148800933
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Child Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01 MH50447, U01MH50461, U01MH50440, U01MH050467, U01MH50454, U01MH050447, U01MH050440, K24MH064478, U01MH050453, U01MH50467, K24 MH64478, U01MH050461, U01MH50453, U01MH050454)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reaction time variability, reaction time distribution, ex-Gaussian distribution, Conners' Continuous Performance Test, attentional lapses, children and adolescents, neuropsychological performance
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Severity of Illness Index
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