Sensitivity to Reward Delay in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Abstract
The present study compared the sensitivity to pre‐ and post‐reward delays of children with and without DSM‐IV combined type ADHD. Thirty‐six children with DSM‐IV combined type ADHD and 36 controls completed a signal‐detection task. Correct identification of one stimulus produced an immediate reward and then a 3.5 s delay before the next trial (immediate reward). Correct identification of the other stimulus was associated with a 3.5 s delay before reward was delivered (delayed reward). Group differences emerged in response bias toward the immediately rewarded alternative. Children in the ADHD group showed a greater bias toward immediate reward than the controls. Children in the control group showed different patterns of response bias and discriminability following immediate and delayed rewards. For these children discriminability was lower and response bias was greater on trials following delayed reward. Both groups responded more slowly on trials following delayed reward. These findings support the hypothesis that children with ADHD are unusually sensitive to pre‐reward delays.
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There is more consistent evidence for an effect of delay, prior to delivery of rewards, on ADHD children's responses and choices.
“In contrast to this generally disappointing picture is the more consistent evidence for an effect of delay, prior to delivery of rewards, on ADHD children's responses and choices (Tripp and Alsop, 2001).”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Tripp and Alsop, 2001
ADHD children are biased towards task responses tied to immediate rewards.
“are biased towards task responses tied to immediate rewards (Tripp and Alsop, 2001)”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Tripp and Alsop, 2001
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“Tripp and Alsop (2001) demonstrated that a delay as short as 3.5 seconds differentially affected the behaviour of children with and without ADHD.”
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InfluentialScheres, A., Dijkstra, M., Ainslie, E., Balkan, J., Reynolds, B., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Castellanos, F. X. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.012 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
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“Escape or avoidance of delay is also well documented for ADHD in behavioral studies (Kuntsi, Oosterlaan, & Stevenson, 2001; Sonuga-Barke, De Houwer, De Ruiter, Ajzenstzen, & Holland, 2004; Sonuga-Barke, Taylor, & Heptinstall, 1992; Sonuga-Barke, Taylor, Sembi, & Smith, 1992; Tripp & Alsop, 2001).”
Multidisciplinary perspectives on attention and the development of self-regulation
Berger, A., Kofman, O., Livneh, U., & Henik, A. (2007) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.06.004 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“However, in a signal detection task, where equally-sized immediate or delayed rewards were given after correct response to two similar stimuli, the response bias toward the stimulus associated with the immediate reward was stronger among ADHD children (Tripp and Alsop, 2001).”
BackgroundThe research domain criteria framework: The case for anterior cingulate cortex
Holroyd, C. B., & Umemoto, A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.021 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
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“…a large reward later) to show that children with ADHD typically prefer immediate rewards more than non-ADHD individuals (Antrop et al., 2006, Bitsakou, Psychogiou, Thompson, & Sonuga-Barke, 2009; Marco et al., 2009; Paloyelis, Asherson, & Kuntsi, 2009; Solanto et al., 2001; Tripp & Alsop, 2001).”
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MethodVideogames and Young People with Developmental Disorders
Durkin, K. (2010) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019438 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“…behavior, children with ADHD have an unusually high requirement for immediate reward (Douglas & Parry, 1994; Luman, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2005; Tripp & Alsop, 2001) and will opt to minimize delay even at the expense of pursuing larger but longer-term goals (Sonuga-Barke, Taylor, Sembi, &…”
BackgroundSonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Wiersema, J. R., van der Meere, J. J., & Roeyers, H. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9115-0 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“In contrast to this generally disappointing picture is the more consistent evidence for an effect of delay, prior to delivery of rewards, on ADHD children’s responses and choices (Tripp and Alsop 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Neuropsychological Perspective Towards DSM-V
Stefanatos, G., & Baron, I. (2007) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9020-3 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“…(Castellanos & Tannock, 2002; Douglas & Parry, 1994; Ernst et al., 2003; Iaboni, Douglas, & Baker, 1995; Sagvolden, Aase, Zeiner, & Berger, 1998; Tripp & Alsop, 2001) and hypofunctioning of dopaminergic frontoventral striatal reward circuits and meso-limbic branches that terminate in the…”
BackgroundBitsakou, P., Psychogiou, L., Thompson, M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.09.015 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Children with ADHD display a bias towards task responses tied to immediate rewards (Tripp & Alsop, 2001); they prefer reward immediacy to high reward rate or task ease (Neef et al., 2005), and they discount future rewards (Barkley, Edwards, Laneri, Fletcher, & Metevia, 2001; but see Scheres et al.,…”
Barr, R. S., Pizzagalli, D. A., Maravić, M. C., GOFF, D. C., & Evins, A. E. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.09.015 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Tasks and Procedures: A signal detection task, designed to measure shift in responding toward a differentially (more) rewarded stimulus, was administered twice, in two separate sessions, 3 hours after nicotine patch and after placebo patch application, as an objective measure of reward responsiveness [8-10].”
MethodGaron, N., Moore, C., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2006) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705284501 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“There is evidence that children with ADHD experience difficulty with complex forms of reinforcement learning (Itami & Uno, 2002; Johansen, Aase, Meyer, & Sagvolden, 2002; Luman et al., 2005; SonugaBarke, Taylor, Sembi, & Smith, 1992; Tripp & Alsop, 1999, 2001).”
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Inhibitory Deficits, Delay Aversion and Preschool AD/HD:Implications for the Dual Pathway Model
Dalen, L., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Hall, M., & Remington, B. (2004) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/np.2004.1 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
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“ADHD children often show an aversion to the delayed delivery of reinforcement (SonugaBarke 2002), or a preference for immediate reinforcers (Tripp and Alsop 2001).”
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“This prediction is consistent with the preference for immediate reinforcers reported in children with ADHD compared to normal controls [16,2426,104].”
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“Patients with ADHD prefer immediate versus delayed rewards, even if such a choice reduces the overall size of the reward (Bitsakou et al., 2009; Marco et al., 2009; Rapport et al., 1986; Sonuga-Barke and Taylor, 1992; Sonuga-Barke et al., 1992; Tripp and Alsop, 2001).”
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Abnormal striatal BOLD responses to reward anticipation and reward delivery in ADHD
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“The failure of anticipatory dopamine would explain some of the behavioral results reported in the literature including: a stronger preference for immediate over delayed reward [32], [90], poorer performance when reward is not continuous [91], and the need for consistent and immediate reward for shaping behavior [92] a…”
MethodResultSelf-citationChildren with low working memory and children with ADHD: same or different?
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“This has also been demonstrated using signal detection methodology where children with ADHD show a stronger preference (bias) for immediate over delayed reward when the total delay and size of rewards is the same across response alternatives (Tripp and Alsop 2001).”
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Bryant, A., Guy, J., The CALM Team, & Holmes, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.587821 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Executive function impairments are also implicated in both hyperactivity (Tripp and Alsop, 2001; Willcutt et al., 2005; Castellanos et al., 2006) and anxiety (Russell, 2003; Gotlib and Joorman, 2010; Crocker et al., 2013; Sharp et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSiesser, W. B., Zhao, J., Miller, L. R., Cheng, S.-Y., & McDonald, M. P. (2005) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2005.00161.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“…and is considered a measure of impulsive behavior (Mischel & Gilligan 1964; Rapport et al. 1986; Schweitzer & Sulzer-Azaroff 1988; Mischel et al. 1989; Sonuga-Barke et al. 1992; Richards et al. 1999a, 1999b; Tripp & Alsop 2001; de Wit et al. 2002; Farrar et al. 2003; Sonuga-Barke et al. 2003).”
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Paloyelis, Y., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181ab8c97 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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“When delay is unavoidable, children with ADHD choose an immediate reward with a subsequent delay (post-reward delay) rather than a delay that is followed by the reward (pre-reward delay), a finding that underlines the preference for immediacy (Tripp and Alsop 2001).”
BackgroundThe role of the nucleus accumbens core in impulsive choice, timing, and reward processing.
Galtress, T., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2010) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0018464 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Barkley, Edwards, Laneri, Fletcher, & Metevia, 2001; Kuntsi, Oosterlaan, & Stevenson, 2001; Luman, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2005; Schweitzer & Sulzer-Azaroff, 1995; Solonto et al., 2001; Sonuga-Barke, Taylor, Sembi, & Smith, 1992; Tripp & Alsop, 2001).”
Mechanisms of impulsive choice: II. Time-based interventions to improve self-control
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“They also seem to be more governed by responses for which they were last rewarded, instead of their reinforcement history (Tripp & Alsop, 1999, 2001).”
BackgroundThe quick delay questionnaire: a measure of delay aversion and discounting in adults
Clare, S., Helps, S. K., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0020-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“They also show altered attentional/behavioural responses to signals of immediate rewards ( Tripp and Alsop 2001 ) and cues of delay (Sonuga-Barke et al. 2004).”
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“For example, Tripp and Alsop (2001) found that children with ADHD try to maximize their immediate reward and avoid reward delay.”
BackgroundHyperfocusing as a dimension of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Ozel-Kizil, E. T., Kokurcan, A., Aksoy, U. M., Kanat, B. B., Sakarya, D., Baştuğ, G., Çolak, B., Altunöz, U., Kirici, S., Demirbaş, H., et al. (2016) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2016.09.016 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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Neurocognitive Performance in Children with ADHD and OCD
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“In this respect, most studies found a positive association between symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity and DA (Thorell 2007; Tripp and Alsop 2001; Wahlstedt et al. 2009), while others found a positive association between hyperactivity/ impulsivity, as well as inattentive symptoms and DA (Sonuga-Barke 2003; Wahlstedt…”
BackgroundREWARD LEARNING IN PEDIATRIC DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS IN A HIGH-RISK SAMPLE
Morris, B. H., Bylsma, L. M., Yaroslavsky, I., Kovács, M., & Rottenberg, J. A. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22358 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Prior studies have found similar levels of overall response bias in ADHD and controls,[41] but have identified more subtle group differences suggestive of enhanced response bias toward immediate versus delayed rewards.[42] Future studies with more fine-grained analyses of reward functioning among ADHD youth are needed.”
D4 receptor deficiency in mice has limited effects on impulsivity and novelty seeking
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Transdiagnostic neuroimaging of reward system phenotypes in ADHD and comorbid disorders
Grimm, O., van Rooij, D., Hoogman, M., Klein, M., Buitelaar, J. K., Franke, B., Reif, A., & Plichta, M. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.025 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Adolescents with ADHD also show lower rewardanticipatory neural activity (Scheres et al., 2007) and there is behavioural evidence compatible with alterations of reinforcement sensitivity (Tripp and Alsop, 2001, 1999).”
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“…the SS choice, even when choosing that option may be less profitable, indicating increased impulsive choice behavior [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44], however Scheres et al. [45] did not report any differences in impulsive choice between an ADHD sample and…”
BackgroundSteep temporal reward discounting in ADHD-Combined type: Acting upon feelings
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Delisle, J., & Braun, C. M. J. (2011) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acr043 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bourchtein, E., Langberg, J. M., Owens, J. S., Evans, S. W., & Perera, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0248-3 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Given that youth with ADHD are more likely to respond to immediate rather than delayed rewards (Tripp and Alsop 2001), they also may be more likely to consider more recent events when rating their competence, whereas their parents may be rating more stable and general levels of competence.”
BackgroundINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN IMPULSIVE CHOICE AND TIMING IN RATS
Galtress, T., Garcia, A., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2012) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2012.98-65 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…2001; Luman, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2005; Schweitzer & Sulzer-Azaroff, 1995; Solonto et al., 2001; Sonuga-Barke, Taylor, Sembi, & Smith, 1992; Tripp & Alsop, 2001), pathological gambling (Dixon, et al., 2006; Dixon, et al., 2003) and poor financial planning (Angeletos, Laibson, Repetto,…”
Logical fallacies in animal model research
Sjoberg, E. A. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-017-0121-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Bitsakou, P., Antrop, I., Wiersema, J. R., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.06.031 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Scheres, A., Sumiya, M., & Thoeny, A. L. (2010) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.309 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…used single-choice paradigms such as the Choice Delay Task (CDT) (Sonuga-Barke et al., 1992; Antrop et al., 2006; Kuntsi et al., 2001; Schweitzer and Sulzer-Azaroff, 1995; Solanto et al., 2001; Tripp and Alsop, 2001) and found evidence for this notion [see Luman et al. (2005) for a review).”
MethodAnimal models to guide clinical drug development in ADHD: lost in translation?
Wickens, J. R., Hyland, B. I., & Tripp, G. (2011) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01412.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Experimental tests have supported the hypothesis that children with ADHD exhibit a greater than normal tendency to prefer immediate reinforcers (Tripp and Alsop, 2001), or related to this, a tendency to choose smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards (Sonuga-Barke et al., 1992; Antrop…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSocial Discounting and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Boys
Sharp, C., Barr, G. D. I., Ross, D., Bhimani, R. D., Ha, C., & Vuchinich, R. E. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.719 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…Fletcher, & Metevia, 2001; Kuntsi, Oosterlaan, & Stevenson, 2001; Schweitzer & Sulzer-Azaroff, 1995; Solanto et al., 2001; Sonuga-Barke, Taylor, Sembi, & Smith, 1992; Tripp & Alsop, 2001; for a review, see Luman, Oosterlaan, & Sergeant, 2005), indicating greater impulsivity in these children.”
van den Hoofdakker, B. J., Nauta, M. H., Dijck-Brouwer, J., van der Veen‐Mulders, L., Sytema, S., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Minderaa, R. B., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026564 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tenenbaum, R. B., Musser, E. D., Raiker, J. S., Coles, E. K., Gnagy, E. M., & Pelham, W. E. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0343-0 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…reward sensitivity, indexed by a preference for small immediate compared to larger delayed rewards, across tasks including: signal detection (Tripp and Alsop 2001), delay discounting (Bitsakou et al. 2009; Marco et al. 2009; SonugaBarke et al. 1992; Wilson et al. 2010), and risk taking…”
InfluentialThoma, V. K., Schulz-Zhecheva, Y., Oser, C., Fleischhaker, C., Biscaldi, M., & Klein, C. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718802014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…perseverance and motivation are influenced largely by one’s sense of achievement, whereas ADHD is linked to reward-motivation deficits and inability to delay gratification (Douglas & Parry, 1983, 1994; Rapport, Tucker, DuPaul, Merlo, & Stoner, 1986; Shimoni et al., 2010; Tripp & Alsop, 2001).”
BackgroundOrtiz, N., Parsons, A., Whelan, R., Brennan, K., Agan, M., O'Connell, R., Bramham, J., & Garavan, H. (2015) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2015-2038 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Past studies of delay aversion (for very short delays) have shown robust differences between persons with ADHD and controls (Sonuga-Barke et al. 1992, Tripp and Alsop 2001, Scheres et al. 2010).”
BackgroundPauli‐Pott, U., & Becker, K. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Umemoto, A., Lukie, C. N., Kerns, K. A., Müller, U., & Holroyd, C. B. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0298-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…& Kerns, 2003), especially to the consistency of reward delivery (Douglas & Parry, 1994) and to recent rewards, which strongly impacts their behavior, due to a failure to integrate their previous reward history over time (SonugaBarke, Taylor, Sembi, & Smith, 1992; Tripp & Alsop, 1999, 2001).”
BackgroundOrduña, V., Valencia-Torres, L., & Bouzas, A. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.02.016 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Puppets, robots, critics, and actors within a taxonomy of attention for developmental disorders
Dennis, M., Sinopoli, K. J., Fletcher, J. M., & Schachar, R. J. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708080983 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sutherland, K. R., Alsop, B., McNaughton, N., Hyland, B. I., Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.07.011 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationMies, G. W., de Water, E., Wiersema, J. R., & Scheres, A. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1508563 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A Computational Analysis of Aberrant Delay Discounting in Psychiatric Disorders
Story, G. W., Moutoussis, M., & Dolan, R. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01948 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…5 January 2016 | Volume 6 | Article 1948 death, and its associated opportunity cost, is likely incorporated through evolution, whereby internal states deviating from a homeostatic ideal, such as hunger and thirst, are assigned an innate cost as a proxy (see Keramati and Gutkin, 2011).”
BackgroundBolden, J., Rapport, M. D., Raiker, J. S., Sarver, D. E., & Kofler, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9619-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This conclusion is consistent also with the surprising number of failures to replicate delay aversion deficits in ADHD (e.g., Karalunas and Huang-Pollock 2011; Schweitzer and Sulzer-Azaroff 1995; Solanto et al. 2007; Tripp and Alsop 2001), combined with previous findings that children with ADHD do not evince increased…”
ResultReinforcement, Dopamine and Rodent Models in Drug Development for ADHD
Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0132-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“[10]) indicate that children with ADHD show relatively strong preferences for smaller immediate in comparison with larger delayed reinforcers, thus demonstrating greater reinforcer delay discounting [41–53].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognitive Deficits in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Long-Term Follow-Up.
Douglas, V. I. (2005) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0085821 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sazonova, N., Dasbanerjee, T., Middleton, F. A., Gowtham, S., Schuckers, S., & Faraone, S. (2011) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31230 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Like ADHD children (Tripp and Alsop, 1999, 2001; Scheres et al., 2007), these animals showed greater aversion toward delayed or reduced rewards.”
BackgroundDir, A. L., Hummer, T. A., Aalsma, M. C., & Hulvershorn, L. A. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100634 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Those with ADHD/DBD are already prone to heightened reward sensitivity (Tripp and Alsop, 2001), and these results emphasize how pubertal effects may further exacerbate reward sensitivity, thus increasing vulnerability for risky decision-making during this developmental period.”
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Daley, D., Thompson, M. J. J., & Swanson, J. (2003) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.3.4.465 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nigg, J. T. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy314 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Neurociencia afectiva del TDAH: Datos existentes y direcciones futuras
López‐Martín, S., Albert, J., Fernández‐Jaén, A., & Carretié, L. (2010) · Escritos de Psicología / Psychological Writings · doi:10.24310/espsiescpsi.v3i2.13338 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Positive emotional attention bias in young children with symptoms of ADHD
Cremone, A., Lugo-Candelas, C. I., Harvey, E. A., McDermott, J. M., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1426743 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Relative to TD children, those with ADHD have heightened levels of reward sensitivity (Tripp & Alsop, 2001) as well as greater rates of externalizing behaviors (Jensen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundHorsley, R. R., & Cassaday, H. J. (2006) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881106067381 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Studies in humans have shown that participants with ADHD show a greater bias (than controls) for smaller immediate rewards compared to larger rewards in the long term (Rapport et al., 1986; Sonuga-Barke et al., 1992; Tripp and Alsop, 2001).”
Background
- Authors
- Tripp, G., & Alsop, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- ORCID
- Tripp, G.
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-07
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 691-698
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2137632400
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delayed rewards, immediate rewards, response bias, signal detection, discriminability, children, impulsivity, response latency
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Reward, Time Factors, Case-Control Studies, Signal Detection, Psychological
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