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Loneliness and HIV-related stigma explain depression among older HIV-positive adults
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Advances in the treatment of HIV have resulted in a large growing population of older adults with HIV. These aging adults face added social, psychological, and physical challenges associated with the aging process. Correlations between depression, loneliness, health, and HIV/AIDS-related stigma have been studied, but there is little evaluation of these associations among HIV-positive adults over the age of 50. Data for these analyses were taken from the Research on Older Adults with HIV study of 914 New York City-based HIV-positive men and women over the age of 50. In total, 39.1% of participants exhibited symptoms of major depression (CES-D > 23). Multivariate modeling successfully explained 42% of the variance in depression which was significantly related to increased HIV-associated stigma, increased loneliness, decreased cognitive functioning, reduced levels of energy, and being younger. These data underscore the need for service providers and researchers to assert more aggressive and innovative efforts to resolve both psychosocial and physical health issues that characterize the graying of the AIDS epidemic in the USA. Data suggest that focusing efforts to reduce HIV-related stigma and loneliness may have lasting effects in reducing major depressive symptoms and improving perceived health.
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“Finally, a number of studies focused on groups at higher risk of isolation and loneliness and of associated negative health outcomes, including older people who are cancer survivors (Jaremka et al. 2013), unpaid carers (Jaremka et al. 2013), and substance users (Smith and Rosen 2009) who are HIV-positive (Grov et al. 2010) or who have a history of institutionalisation (Smith and Hirdes 2009).”
From Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review (2017) · cites this paper as Grov et al. 2010
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Colvin, C. J. (2019) · The Lancet HIV · doi:10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30032-3 · Cited by 129
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InfluentialEmlet, C. A., Brennan, D. J., Brennenstuhl, S., Rueda, S., Hart, T. A., & Rourke, S. B. (2014) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2014.978734 · Cited by 126
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BackgroundCOVID-19-related stigma and its sociodemographic correlates: a comparative study
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“Ongoing depression clearly contributes to higher levels of emotional distress and poorer health-related quality of life(83,84) and is associated with loneliness and HIV stigma.(24,82) Thus, social prescriptions may be an adjunctive approach to depression management, particularly if loneliness is a key component.”
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Deficits in Self-Awareness Impact the Diagnosis of Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment in HIV
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“HIV-related stigma has been reported to be associated with depression among PLHIV in China and the United States [8, 16, 26–29].”
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“There are numerous psychosocial difficulties associated with HIV stigma among people living with the virus, including depression, anxiety, and hopelessness [4, 5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSocial Support Systems and Social Network Characteristics of Older Adults with HIV
Brennan‐Ing, M., Seidel, L., & Karpiak, S. E. (2016) · Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology and geriatrics · doi:10.1159/000448561 · Cited by 49
Self-citationStigma, isolation and depression among older adults living with HIV in rural areas
Quinn, K. G., Murphy, M., Nigogosyan, Z., & Petroll, A. E. (2019) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x18001782 · Cited by 48
“Loneliness and HIV stigma, two factors prevalent among this sample, have demonstrated a strong relationship with depressive symptoms among older HIV-positive adults (Grov et al., 2010).”
BackgroundHeckman, T. G., Heckman, B. D., Anderson, T., Lovejoy, T. I., Mohr, D. C., Sutton, M., Bianco, J. A., & Gau, J. (2013) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0441-0 · Cited by 47
“[9] found that 39 % of community-dwelling HIV-infected older adults exhibited symptoms of major depressive disorder, while Kalichman et al.”
BackgroundShrestha, R., Copenhaver, M., Bazazi, A. R., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Krishnan, A., & Altice, F. L. (2017) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1693-x · Cited by 47
“This high rate of depressive symptoms among our sample may be due to higher levels of perceived HIV-related stigma [73, 74], incarceration itself [75–77], and/or HIV sero-status [75].”
Major health impact of accelerated aging in young HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy
Rajasuriar, R., Chong, M. L., Bashah, N. S. A., Aziz, S. A. A., McStea, M., Lee, E. C. Y., Wong, P. L., Azwa, I., Omar, S. F. S., Lai, P. S. M., et al. (2017) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000001475 · Cited by 49
Animut, M. D., Sorrie, M. B., Workineh, Y., & Yihune, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204636 · Cited by 46
O’Brien, K. K., Solomon, P. E., Trentham, B., MacLachlan, D., MacDermid, J. C., Tynan, A., Baxter, L. N., Casey, A., Chegwidden, W., Robinson, G., et al. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004692 · Cited by 46
Kuteesa, M. O., Wright, S., Seeley, J., Mugisha, J. O., Kinyanda, E., Kakembo, F., Mwesigwa, R., & Scholten, F. (2014) · SAHARA-J Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS · doi:10.1080/17290376.2014.938103 · Cited by 46
Kim, S., Darwish, S., Lee, S. A., Sprague, C., & DeMarco, R. F. (2018) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s172669 · Cited by 45
“96 for the 40-item instrument.(50,51) In the present study, Cronbach’s alphas ranged from 0.”
BackgroundResilience, ageing, and quality of life in long-term diagnosed HIV-infected patients
Fumaz, C. R., Ayestaran, A., Pérez‐Álvarez, N., Muñoz-Moreno, J. A., Moltó, J., Ferrer, M. J., & Clotet, B. (2015) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2015.1114989 · Cited by 45
Masters, M. C., Krueger, K., Williams, J. L., Morrison, L., & Cohn, S. E. (2019) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2019.1698946 · Cited by 45
Loneliness of the Marginalized
Rokach, A. (2014) · Open Journal of Depression · doi:10.4236/ojd.2014.34018 · Cited by 46
“…including increased psychological distress (Mak et al., 2007), increased feelings of shame (Sayles et al. 2008), increased incidence of depression (Grov et al., 2010; Kalichman et al., 2009), poorer physical health (Sayles et al. 2008) diminished social support (Kalichman et al., 2009) and…”
BackgroundLoneliness and substance use: the influence of gender among HIV+ Black/African American adults 50+
Mannes, Z. L., Burrell, L. E., Bryant, V. E., Dunne, E. M., Hearn, L. E., & Whitehead, N. E. (2015) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2015.1120269 · Cited by 45
Impact of Loneliness on Brain Health and Quality of Life Among Adults Living With HIV in Canada
Harris, M., Brouillette, M., Scott, S. C., Smaill, F., Smith, G. H. R., Thomas, R., Fellows, L. K., & Mayo, N. E. (2020) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002355 · Cited by 48
HIV microaggressions: a novel measure of stigma-related experiences among people living with HIV
Eaton, L. A., Allen, A. M., Maksut, J. L., Earnshaw, V. A., Watson, R. J., & Kalichman, S. C. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00064-x · Cited by 43
Gonzalez, A., Locicero, B., Mahaffey, B., Fleming, C., Harris, J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515615354 · Cited by 45
Ahmed, A., Saqlain, M., Umair, M. M., Hashmi, F. K., Saeed, H., Amer, M., Blebil, A. Q., & Dujaili, J. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.745545 · Cited by 47
Intimacy and Sexual Decision Making: Exploring the Perspective of HIV Positive Women Over 50
Psaros, C., Barinas, J. L., Robbins, G. K., Bedoya, C. A., Safren, S. A., & Park, E. R. (2012) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2012.0256 · Cited by 42
“Moreover, HIV-infected women are vulnerable to various types of stigma, including age-related and HIV-related discrimination—even within community organizations and health care settings.(4,9) The majority of research examining relationships and sexual behavior among older adults has been conducted with HIV negative sa…”
What is the role of the community? Examining minority stress processes among gay and bisexual men.
Salfas, B., Rendina, H. J., & Parsons, J. T. (2018) · Stigma and Health · doi:10.1037/sah0000143 · Cited by 41
Self-citationRendina, H. J., Weaver, L., Millar, B. M., López-Matos, J., & Parsons, J. T. (2019) · Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) · doi:10.1177/2325958219888462 · Cited by 43
“As an example, a study of 914 OALWH in New York City revealed that 40% of the sample reported symptoms of major depression, with 42% of the variance in depression explained by HIV stigma, age, loneliness, reduced energy, and decreased cognitive functioning.(30) Similarly, a more recent study showed that HIV stigma and…”
MethodSelf-citationBækgaard, M., Herd, P., & Moynihan, D. P. (2022) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s000712342200031x · Cited by 40
Kokorelias, K. M., Grosse, A., Zhabokritsky, A., & Sirisegaram, L. (2023) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04114-7 · Cited by 42
HIV, Sexual Health, and Psychosocial Issues Among Older Adults Living with HIV in North America
Brennan, D. J., Emlet, C. A., & Eady, A. (2011) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-011-9111-6 · Cited by 46
“Experiences of HIV stigma have been associated with deleterious personal processes including: psychological distress (Brennan et al. 2009) negative self image (Berger et al. 2001), lack of social support and poor mental health (Logie and Gadalla 2009), and depression ( Grov et al. 2010; Emlet 2007).”
BackgroundBennett, D. S., Hersh, J., Herres, J. L., & Foster, J. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0599-y · Cited by 44
“Thus, shame-prone individuals may utilize more avoidant coping strategies such as watching TV or using the internet to avoid social interactions [32], which in turn predict increases in future depressive symptoms and other mental health problems [33–36].”
BackgroundCorrelates of loneliness in older persons living with HIV
Yoo‐Jeong, M., Hepburn, K. W., Holstad, M. M., Haardörfer, R., & Waldrop‐Valverde, D. (2019) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2019.1659919 · Cited by 40
“Our finding on the effects of HIV-related stigma on loneliness is consistent with other studies (Fekete, Williams, & Skinta, 2018; Grov et al., 2010).”
ResultShimizu, S., Chow, D. C., Valcour, V., Masaki, K., Nakamoto, B. K., Kallianpur, K. J., & Shikuma, C. M. (2011) · World Journal of AIDS · doi:10.4236/wja.2011.14020 · Cited by 39
“Among older HIV-infected patients, depression is the second most prevalent behavioral health issues [14].”
BackgroundA Spanish Study on Psychological Predictors of Quality of Life in People with HIV
Ballester‐Arnal, R., Martínez, S. G., Fumaz, C. R., González-García, M., Remor, E., & Fuster, M. J. L. (2015) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1208-6 · Cited by 38
“These symptoms could be predicted by the factors emotional loneliness and stigma, which, although not associated to objective indicators of physical health, were related with the main indicators of perceived health [8].”
BackgroundThe value of reducing HIV stigma
Brent, R. J. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.014 · Cited by 38
Pollak, C., Cotton, K., Winter, J., & Blumen, H. M. (2024) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-024-04471-3 · Cited by 48
Adapting Systems of Care for People Aging With HIV
Siegler, E. L., & Brennan‐Ing, M. (2017) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1016/j.jana.2017.05.006 · Cited by 37
King, S., & Orel, N. A. (2012) · Sexual and Gender Diversity in Social Services · doi:10.1080/10538720.2012.721669 · Cited by 36
Hart, T. A., Stratton, N. L., Coleman, T. A., Wilson, H. A., Simpson, S. H., Julien, R. E., Hoe, D., Leahy, B., Maxwell, J., & Adam, B. D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152762 · Cited by 36
“This scale has also been used in studies of gay men[45] and of HIV+ men.[46] Fear of being sexually rejected.”
MethodQuinn, K. G., Sanders, C., & Petroll, A. E. (2017) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2017.29.1.62 · Cited by 39
Lu, H., Surkan, P. J., Irwin, M. R., Treisman, G. J., Breen, E. C., Sacktor, N. C., Stall, R. D., Wolinsky, S. M., Jacobson, L. P., & Abraham, A. G. (2019) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwz190 · Cited by 36
Metadata
- Authors
- Grov, C., Golub, S. A., Parsons, J. T., Brennan, M., & Karpiak, S. E.
- Affiliations
- City University of New York (US)
- The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
- e AIDS Community Research Initiative of America (ACRIA) , New York , NY , USA
- Corresponding author
- Grov, Christian
- Venue
- AIDS Care
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-04-16
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 630-639
- ISSN
- 0954-0121 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0451
- PMC
- PMC2936670
- OpenAlex
- W2068901441
- Cited by
- 381
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 12.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- AIDS Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5t32da007233-40)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32DA007233, T32DA07233)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV-related health complications and treatments
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- HIV stigma, loneliness, depression, older adults, HIV-infected adults, aging, cognitive function, energy levels, psychosocial health
- MeSH terms
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depression, Female, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Middle Aged, Social Isolation, United States, Logistic Models, Social Stigma
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