Comparing environmental impacts of renovated housing stock with new construction
Abstract
When undertaking urban renewal projects, decisions must be made between housing maintenance with some minor interventions, and total housing redevelopment entailing the demolition of the existing stock and replacement with new houses. Simple renovations are only possible if the quality of the existing dwelling is sufficient to fulfil current needs. In most urban renewal districts in the Netherlands the existing stock does not meet these current needs. That is why large-scale demolition and the construction of new dwellings are undertaken. However, renovation-based strategies could offer more sustainable alternatives. A comparison of the environmental impacts is made between the renewal options of maintenance, consolidation, transformation, and redevelopment for two typical cases of Dutch urban renewal. The environmental effects are calculated using the Life Cycle Assessment method. Results are presented according to the following environmental effects: the quantities of material, the energy and water used, waste, and environmental impacts. The use of environmental impacts gives a more complete picture than the use of quantities. The transformation of the existing housing stock is found to be a much more environmentally efficient way to achieve the same result than are demolition and rebuilding. The embodied and operational energy use is also compared. Due to the relatively short lifetime of post-war dwellings, the embodied energy can amount to 30% of the total energy use. This means that it is worth using construction methods that reduce embodied energy and designing new buildings so that they are flexible. Dans tout projet de rénovation urbaine, il convient de choisir entre l'entretien de l'habitat avec quelques interventions mineures et la démolition/reconstruction du parc immobilier existant. La simple rénovation n'est possible que si la qualité des logements en place suffit à répondre aux besoins présents. Aux Pays-Bas, dans la plupart des quartiers voués à être rénovés, le parc immobilier existant ne répond pas aux besoins exprimés. C'est pourquoi, on passe par des destructions à grande échelle avant de reconstruire de nouveaux logements. Or, les stratégies basées sur la rénovation pourraient proposer d'autres options plus durables. L'auteur compare l'impact sur l'environnement de plusieurs options de rénovation: maintenance, consolidation, transformation ou démolition/reconstruction à propos de deux cas types de rénovation urbaine aux Pays-Bas. Les effets sur l'environnement sont calculés selon la méthode de l'évaluation du cycle de vie. Les résultats sont présentés pour les effets suivants: quantités de matériaux, l'énergie et l'eau utilisées, les rejets et l'impact sur l'environnement. Ce dernier donne une image plus complète que l'utilisation des quantités. La transformation du parc immobilier existant apparaît comme une méthode beaucoup moins nocive sur le plan de l'environnement que la démolition/reconstruction pour arriver aux mêmes résultats. Cette étude compare également l'énergie intrinsèque et l'énergie opérationnelle utilisée. Du fait de la durée de vie relativement courte de l'habitat d'après-guerre, l'énergie intrinsèque peut représenter 30% de l'énergie utilisée totale. Il est donc intéressant d'avoir recours à des méthodes de construction qui réduisent l'énergie intrinsèque et de concevoir de nouveaux bâtiments dont une des caractéristiques est la souplesse. Mots clés: impacts sur l'environnement, parc immobilier, évaluation du cycle de vie, rénovation, rénovation urbaine, durabilité urbaine, Pays-Bas
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Individual case studies indicate that refurbishments can have lower life cycle impacts than replacements if and only if refurbished to ambitious energy standards.
“Individual case studies indicate that refurbishments can have lower life cycle impacts than replacements if and only if refurbished to ambitious energy standards [58,117].”
From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [117]
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- Authors
- Itard, L., & Klunder, G.
- Affiliations
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- ORCID
- Itard, Laure
- Venue
- Building Research & Information
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 252-267
- ISSN
- 0961-3218 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-4321
- OpenAlex
- W2064307568
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Building Research & Information (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Building Design and Assessment
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building energy efficiency and sustainability
- Keywords
- urban regeneration, housing renovation, housing redevelopment, post-war housing, embodied energy, operational energy use, life cycle assessment, housing maintenance, housing consolidation, housing transformation, material utilization, water consumption, waste, sustainable housing, flexible building design, housing stock renovation
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