Construction Matters: Comparing Environmental Impacts of Building Modular and Conventional Homes in the United States
Abstract
Summary: Modular construction practices are used in many countries as an alternative to conventional on‐site construction for residential homes. While modular home construction has certain advantages in terms of material and time efficiency, it requires a different infrastructure than conventional home construction, and the overall environmental trade‐offs between the two methods have been unclear. This study uses life cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impacts of constructing a typical residential home using the two methods, based on data from several modular construction companies and conventional homebuilders. The study includes impacts from material production and transport, off‐site and on‐site energy use, worker transport, and waste management. For all categories considered, the average impacts of building the home are less for modular construction than for conventional construction, although these averages obscure significant variation among the individual projects and companies.
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Prefabricated wood constructions reduce wood waste from construction activities to nearly zero due to efficient fabrication and the reuse of surplus material, whereas conventional wood constructions waste about 5 to 15% of the wood used in their building.
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From Material efficiency strategies to reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with buildings, vehicles, and electronics—a review (2019) · cites this paper as [91]
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Rocha, J. H. A., de Siqueira, A. A., de Oliveira, M. A. B., Castro, L. D. S., Caldas, L. R., Monteiro, N. B. R., & Filho, R. D. T. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142114436 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Greenhouse gas emission from construction stage of wooden buildings
Takano, A., Pittau, F., Hafner, A., Ott, S., Hughes, M., & Angelis, E. D. (2014) · International Wood Products Journal · doi:10.1179/2042645314y.0000000077 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Economic sustainability benchmarking of modular homes: A life cycle thinking approach
Kamali, M. H., Hewage, K., & Sadiq, R. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131290 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Andersen, S. C., Sohn, J. L., Oldfield, P., & Birkved, M. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109509 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Promoting Circular Economy of the Building Industry by the Use of Straw Bales: A Review
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- Authors
- Quale, J., Eckelman, M. J., Williams, K. W., Sloditskie, G., & Zimmerman, J. B.
- Corresponding author
- Eckelman, Matthew J.
- Venue
- Journal of Industrial Ecology
- Published
- 2012-03-05
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 243-253
- ISSN
- 1088-1980 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-9290
- OpenAlex
- W2007072372
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Industrial Ecology (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › BIM and Construction Integration
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Building Design and Assessment
- Keywords
- modular construction, residential housing, environmental impact of construction, life cycle assessment, offsite construction, construction energy use, construction waste management, environmental trade-offs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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