The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 19 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Museums and the ‘new museology’: theory, practice and organisational change
Open accessAbstract
The widening of roles and expectations within cultural policy discourses has been a challenge to museum workers throughout Great Britain. There has been an expectation that museums are changing from an ‘old’ to a ‘new museology’ that has shaped museum functions and roles. This paper outlines the limitations of this perceived transition as museum services confront multiple exogenous and endogenous expectations, opportunities, pressures and threats. Findings from 23 publically funded museum services across England, Scotland and Wales are presented to explore the roles of professional and hierarchical differentiation, and how there were organisational and managerial limitations to the practical application of the ‘new museology’. The ambiguity surrounding policy, roles and practice also highlighted that museum workers were key agents in interpreting, using and understanding wide-ranging policy expectations. The practical implementation of the ‘new museology’ is linked to the values held by museum workers themselves and how they relate it to their activities at the ground level.
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41 No basis given · 36 Own interpretation · 29 Own result · 9 Sources not found · 7 No full text of the sources · 2 Own method · 1 Not checked yet
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In the paper
“The latter staff groups tend not to be seen as being able to provide any particular knowledge or experience to considerations of how museums could or should function, with these being the preserve of traditional, functionally-based management groupings within the sector.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
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In the paper
“There did not appear to be a distinction between the professional functions of museum workers and a collegial attitude that has developed from changes to patterns of internal management and organisation -at least in some of the museum services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The ambiguity surrounding policy, roles and practice also highlighted that museum workers were key agents in interpreting, using and understanding wide-ranging policy expectations.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is still a major polarisation between professional and 'other' -clerical, manual and administrative -staff within the sector.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings from 23 publicallyfunded museum services across England, Scotland and Wales are presented to explore the roles of professional and hierarchical differentiation, and how there were organisational and managerial limitations to the practical application of the 'new museology'.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The role of professional differentiation is first explored showing that there is often still a perceived, and real, polarisation of factions within museum services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Introduction
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In the paper
“The language and discourses that relate to the 'new museology' have been used as opportunities for workers to pursue their own discretion in implementing activities at the ground level.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The managers that were critically discussed were often seen as vague and nameless entities higher up the managerial hierarchy, or even outside of the museum service altogether.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
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In the paper
“In many of the services studied there was a sense that the role of curators had been”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
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In the paper
“It is important to note, however, that workers were aware of the dichotomy between 'intrinsic' activities within the museum and other expectations as demonstrated, for example, by the 'old school' and 'new school' labels placed on workers.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
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In the paper
“Managerial conflict and control mechanisms often encouraged the development of defensive strategies around traditional preservation and collections-based roles, in reaction to the perception that management were targeting the decision-making power and professionalism of museum staff (even if this was not the case in every museum service).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“While this may imply that implementing staff can have free rein when managing policy, adapting or even ignoring it when it suits them, it is more usually the case that staff are much more subtle about manipulating policy so that senior managerial levels can be kept satisfied.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The traditional museological view of museums as being collections-focused is certainly still present with many members of museum staffnot only curators and conservators but also education and community outreach staff as well, who see their own actions as being determined as much by the collections as by the dictates of senior management.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Many curators gave a clear indication of the low importance given to collections and collections policy by senior management.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The key point is that many curators felt that they were fighting a rear-guard action in opposition to higher-ranking managers.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Practical implementation of the 'new museology' can thus be hindered by current managerial structures and mechanisms, with many museum workers reporting a perceived fragmentation into polarised groups within museum services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A good example of this is the lack of engagement with user groups.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When talking about their own immediate managers, staff at the ground-level were generally positive.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It must also be remembered that many of the curators were managers themselves.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The social inclusion agenda, for example, was an opportunity for museums to 'latch-on' to funding that was not available to them before.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Staff often advocated (although not always delivered) a more user-led process within their services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Others, however, used more active strategies to manage the managers, either through the control of information or through more individual actions such as”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The managers we talked to were usually clear advocates of the museum services studied.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were certainly elements of this within the defensive strategies employed by museum workers.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In each scenario, the relationship between workers and management was a key area of discussion and had a fundamental impact on implementation of policy expectations.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Many roles were what could be termed interdisciplinary relating to more than one branch of knowledge and/or function.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The empirical evidence highlighted that museum workers recognised elements of polarisation within their services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, line managers, let alone senior ones, can often find problems in ensuring that organisational policies are lived up to.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The curator purposefully subverted what she deemed to be a politically influenced decision and produced a popular exhibition where she explored the role of women in the miners' strikes of the 1970s and 1980s.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
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In the paper
“Even when there was a comments card system in place, museum workers reported no followup activities after comments were communicated up the managerial hierarchy.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
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In the paper
“As well as a clear existence of diverse working groups within the museums studied, there was an indication that the thoughts and processes attributed to the 'new museology' were limited in practice, often being seen to be operating on a discourse level that did not quite relate to the actual practices of the museums studied.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Curators consistently showed that they agreed with the social aims within their organisations, even if they viewed themselves as collections-focused.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, in the majority of services a variety of new labels had been given not only to curators, but also to other professional groups such as conservators and education officers.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
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In the paper
“Overt diversion of policy to meet the demands of implementing staff is usually accompanied by the presentation of information to management that is designed to demonstrate that the original policy is being met, or by the skewing of information to allow it to appear that policy is being met (Goddard et al. 2000;Hood 2006).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These vary between the type of museum service (in the current case, local authority, trust, university and national) and the source of policy demands, whether these are derived from central or local governments, various quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisations (QUANGOs), the general legal requirements that are in force, or from within museums and museum services themselves.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
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In the paper
“Equally, however, the establishment of a clear functional division between 'managers' and museum staff in other cases allowed for the continuation of more traditional, 'professional' views of museums and their functions.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
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In the paper
“Whether the relationship was defensive or functional, workers at the ground level could be seen to try and increase their discretion over museum activities.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
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In the paper
“In other examples, however, the traditional role of the curator was alive and well, with senior management prepared to allow curators to make all of the exhibition and display choices that they wanted --free from what other curators would see as excessive amounts of top-down, managerial, control.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
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In the paper
“Perceptions around the role and function of museums can go backwards and forwards between these continuums.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
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In the paper
“Curatorial roles, for example, have widened to include less collections-based work and more directly 'managerial' and 'administrative' activities.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The empirical evidence has clearly shown that there are different and competing tensions within museum services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
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In the paper
“as museum workers utilise the discourses in relation to their own values and activities, rather than to anything outward-facing.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
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In the paper
“With multiple interpretations of key policy concepts, there were different routes to implementation.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Effective implementation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Museum workers have been shown to be key agents in utilising the rhetoric related to the 'new museology' in the pursuit of multiple museum functions and in managing their own practices.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We believe that none of the museums and services that we have examined could be seen to be unambiguously 'new museological' in orientation.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Workers often had their professional functions to undertake alongside more generic, managerial functions.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was evidence of polarisation within museums services based on museum function and worker's roles, especially between managers and traditional curatorial roles.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ambiguity of policy and policy direction often created more room at the ground level for museum workers to pursue their own ideas and values.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Effective implementation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The practical implementation of the 'new museology' is linked to the values held by museum workers themselves and how they relate it to their activities at the ground level.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These are clearly related to museum functions and the negotiation of power relationships within the museum services studied.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Introduction
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“The policy strategies for Scotland, England and Wales are therefore instrumental in that they aim to fulfil wider outcomes -social, economic and political -than those that are more traditionally cultural in nature (Gray 2007).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > The widening policy expectations around the museum
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gray 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“There has, however, been relatively little analysis of actual museum practice to assess the extent to which changes have actually lived up to the assumptions of the 'new museology' across the museums sector as a whole, except in case studies of particular examples of innovative work within individual museums (c.f the essays in Guntarik 2010 and MuseumsEtc 2011)”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Guntarik 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites MuseumsEtc 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are, therefore, multiple and often conflicting high-level policy expectations relating to museums that extend far beyond the more traditionally understood collections-based, curatorial idea of museums.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > The widening policy expectations around the museum
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Workers on the ground are able to take advantage of conflictual and ineffective management to increase discretion and power over day-to-day activities.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lipsky (2010)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greatest difficulty with all of these expectations lies in the fact that they are always subject to interpretation by those who have the responsibility for implementing them.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The space where museum workers can use their discretion is helped by a gap between highlevel policy expectations and ideas of policy at the ground level (McCall 2009).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each agent in the policy process has their own professional and personal values and experiences that can influence implementation.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This produces a picture of compliance with external demands whilst allowing maintenance of existing patterns of work and control.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Contextual limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Practical implementation of the 'new museology' can thus be hindered by current managerial structures and mechanisms, with many museum workers reporting a perceived fragmentation into polarised groups within museum services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this process, the power of staff groups to manage how policies are to be interpreted and put into action, and how jobs are to be undertaken, provides them with a central role in managing the demands that are placed upon them.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Contextual limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The organisational requirement for the production of general policies that will cover most eventualities (rather than the production of specific policies to cover every eventuality which is likely to lead to accusations of bureaucratic redtape) leads to the production of gaps in coverage which can easily be exploited by implementing staff.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the hierarchical relationships and differentiation within museums services are anything but clear.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The capability of staff within individual museums and museum services to adapt formal policies, either to make them applicable to the particular circumstances that are faced by staff and organisations, or to make them acceptable to the professional requirements that staff have, means that it is difficult for senior managers to control everything that takes place in service delivery (Lipsky 2010).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lipsky 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“This made it hard to connect to a defined 'professionalism', except perhaps through the idea of 'bureau-professionalism', where professionalism and bureaucracy are combined to create 'bureau-professional regimes' (Mintzberg 1983;Newman and Clarke 1994, 23).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mintzberg 1983
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Newman and Clarke 1994, 23
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases, the level of ambiguity that is endemic within museums services allows for the development of a level of reinterpretation and management of exogenous pressures.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Contextual limitations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This makes the museum workers central to the policy process through their control of implementation within their museum services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but it is an example of museum workers being key agents in utilising policy discourses to implement multiple functions within their museum services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mirroring of these two schools in the traditional and 'new' museology is quite clear and shows that there may be some kind of transition taking place within the museums sector resulting in negotiation and conflict over the roles of staff and overall museum functions:”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The tensions and conflict between staff factions and service managers could therefore be linked to the perceived dilution of traditional professional roles in favour of more general, multi-functional, taskrelated attributes.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is difficult within these environments to assess the extent to which the principles of the 'new museology' have become a part of the established practices of museum staff.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Effective implementation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the redefinition of the roles and functions of museum workers can be linked to higher organisational and managerial change.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The discourse related to the old and 'new museology' is dynamic.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is the level of discretion at the ground level that allows museum workers to negotiate the multiple expectations within policy and their roles and function.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Effective implementation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper has shown the extent to which an effective service is delivered has a lot to do with the resilience and creativity of the workers at ground level.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > "I consider myself very much at the chalk-face of implementing things but I have to say that I haven't read a strategy document on what I do… I think it comes naturally…
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is rather a matter of degree depending upon how the factors that we have identified affect individual cases.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite this, the 'new museology', and the discourses associated with it, has been a useful tool for museum workers.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This polarisation is often pushed by management control mechanisms that lead workers to adopt defensive strategies within their services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The wider roles of museum staff create difficulties at the policy implementation stage within museums.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Effective implementation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is a lack of single-purpose roles in general within museums (O'Neil 2008).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites O'Neil 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This shift in focus indicates that there can be organisational and managerial limitations to the practical application of the 'new museology' within museum services.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the extent to which the 'new museology' can be seen to have become embedded within individual museums and museum services is as much a matter of the subjective judgements of museum staff themselves as it is a matter of objective external assessment.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > "I consider myself very much at the chalk-face of implementing things but I have to say that I haven't read a strategy document on what I do… I think it comes naturally…
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This discretion means that the effective implementation of the 'new museology' depends on the degree to which workers themselves believe in its related values.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > "I consider myself very much at the chalk-face of implementing things but I have to say that I haven't read a strategy document on what I do… I think it comes naturally…
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These structural constraints and defensive mechanisms can limit the extent to which the intentions and expectations of the 'new museology' can be practically implemented in museums.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we would argue that the negotiations and actions at groundlevel make workers the key agents in 'effective implementation'.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Effective implementation
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, the 'new museology' has had less practical effect than the museology literature might anticipate.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The increasing emphasis on the bureaucratic part of the 'bureau-professional' role could limit the extent to which the 'new museology' can be implemented in practice, particularly if it conflicts with broader managerial tendencies and expectations.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impact of a range of intervening variables in affecting how change is managed and undertaken demonstrates the partial nature of reform and the reasons why organisational change has been limited.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Introduction
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four overriding themes emerged from a cross-examination of the data and include:”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Methodology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, it provides a synoptic overview of factors internal to the museums sector as a whole that have affected the extent to which change has occurred, and identifies the manner in which they have contributed to the partial and inconsistent take-up of the principles of the 'new museology' within Great Britain.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The factors identified from the 23 museum services are representative of factors internal to the museums sector as a whole in Great Britain.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, key discourses related to the 'new museology' were evident, but there were also important restraints on the practical implementation of activities relating to the 'new museology' throughout the services studied.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The hierarchical differentiations within the services are then outlined, which paints a complex picture of working relationships, especially between managerial and collections-based roles.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This division could also be seen as a source of friction and division in workers' understandings of museum functions, with the evidence suggesting that the process of polarisation was sometimes”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many museum workers tried to develop a counter-narrative through employing professional discourses on what is involved in undertaking their role, with this being part of an attempt to control their functions.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these were rare, and many of the museums visited did not have a formal, user-engagement strategy beyond comments books and cards or the occasional visitor survey (because of being expensive to run)”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different factions were clearly based on functional differentiation and often it was”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Museum workers often discussed the importance of user involvement, but there were few specific examples of where user feedback had any impact on their day-to-day activities.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, there was evidence of polarisation between staff groups, with there being some engagement with ideas associated with the 'new museology', but with this being limited in practice, particularly where the”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Workers are influenced by high-level policy rhetoric, but because of the ambiguity of key concepts there are multiple interpretations at ground level.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One outreach worker described this polarisation as the 'new school' and the 'old school' groups within their museum --seeing museum workers within their service to be clearly related to these polarised 'schools'.The 'new school' included outreach, learning and”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
boostedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is often helped by the low level of monitoring at the ground level of museums and the lack of detailed and specific policy guidance that is available to museum staff (McCall 2012).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many did not necessarily see themselves as being in conflict with other workers' professional values, but were more concerned with letting these professional values determine what actually took place inside the museum (often leading to conflict with demands from elsewhere within the system).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This affected the traditional roles of curators --first, by directly increasing the administration and management element of the job and second, by often limiting curators to collections care only as wider exhibition planning and design had been placed within the remit of other roles.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Curatorial roles had been pushed down the hierarchy and more managerial layers had often been placed between curators and highlevel decision makers.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many museum staff who worked closely with collections reported a loss of control over museum function and direction, although other staff did not necessarily share this perception.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In some cases, users were referred to in derogatory terms, making what were perceived to be unrealistic demands and expecting involvement in activities that were held to be the preserve of professionals and managers alone.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Professional differentiation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings show that these polarisations do exist within museums but they are not particularly fixed.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea of 'bureau-professionalism' seems to reflect the description that workers shared about themselves throughout the museum services studied.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There has been some progress with regard to activities around the 'new museology', but a full transition into this ideology has not been achieved by any museum service in this study.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 'traditional' roles of museum workers have been perceived to be going through some transition.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 'new museology' -and a great deal of museological literature -assumes that as a result of this rethinking of the purposes of museums, real change has occurred in both the understanding of museum functions and the activities that museums undertake.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Qualitative, empirical research is a valid and widely used scientific method and, although it cannot be used in the present case to derive statistical generalisations, it has provided a rich and indepth picture of the limitations to the effective implementation of the 'new museology'.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Methodology
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current paper is not based on a statistically-representative sample of museums and museum services in the UK, and is not intended to provide a definitive statement about the precise extent to which the 'new museology' is embedded in individual cases or how individual museums are living up to the principles enshrined within the approach.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Museum workers are being expected to be all things to all people, with museums and museum staff operating within the multiple demands and pressures that are produced from a variety of policy documents and expectations.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“McCall (2012) has shown that the idea of policy can bring about a mix of negative emotional reactions from some workers and can have a fundamental role in utilising policy and manipulating the language around museum activities to meet their own ends.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall (2012)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This has obvious constraints and can often backfire on museum services (such as being tied to short-term and disappearing funding streams), but it is an example of museum workers being key agents in utilising policy”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Policy makers (McCall 2010) have also viewed museums as 'generators of well-being' and, more recently in Britain, linked them to the idea of 'the Big Society' V .”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCall 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evans (2011) also discusses this when studying street-level workers and observed that managers had their own set of professional standards and values that were often sympathetic to ground-level workers.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Evans (2011) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, although policy ambiguity can lead to multiple expectations, the space offered by wide (and often unknown) policy definitions can give ground-level workers the room to pursue their own activities in creative ways.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The 'new museology' encompasses wide and ambiguous discourses such as 'empowerment' and 'social inclusion' (Harrison 1993).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Policy and role ambiguity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Harrison 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“He viewed the manager/worker relationship as generally conflictual, with workers in a continuous fight over power and resources.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lipsky (2010)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Criticism of Lipsky (2010) includes the assertion that managerial relationships are not always conflictual.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Lipsky (2010)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, power can be seen as being negotiated between different levels of the hierarchy, with control of policy implementation being a vital resource in this process.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Hierarchical differentiation
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is a result of multiple causal factors that extend far beyond the forms of professional control of the museums sector and museums policy that the 'new museology' literature is based on.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Staff are both managed within, and are the managers of public organisations, leading to a shift from a 'professional' to a 'semiprofessional' status (Abbot and Meerabeau 1998, 2).”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > RESEARCHER: How do you negotiate that?
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Abbot and Meerabeau 1998, 2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worker discretion can lead to other implications such as a diverse service for different users, but in a service with many exogenous and endogenous pressures having a uniform service would be impossible from the outset.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > "I consider myself very much at the chalk-face of implementing things but I have to say that I haven't read a strategy document on what I do… I think it comes naturally…
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The factors identified from the 23 museum services are representative of factors internal to the museums sector as a whole in Great Britain.
“Instead, it provides a synoptic overview of factors internal to the museums sector as a whole that have affected the extent to which change has occurred, and identifies the manner in which they have contributed to the partial and inconsistent take-up of the principles of the 'new museology' within Great Britain.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The principles underpinning the 'new museology' have a degree of universality that extends beyond the particular social, economic and political contexts in which it developed.
“While the 'new museology' itself developed within a particular set of social, economic and political contexts, the principles that underpin it have a degree of universality that extend beyond the particular.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Interview accounts of museum workers accurately reflect their practices, values and organisational relationships.
“Many workers who were interviewed gave examples of this.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > Introduction
“Duncan's (1995) analysis of some of the larger European museums highlighted that there had indeed been a change to public consumption within The Louvre and National Gallery of London.”
§ Museums and the 'New Museology': Theory, Practice and Organizational change > References
“6. Duncan, Carol. 2004. Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums. London: Routledge.”
Citations
Cites
Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services
Lipsky, M. (1981) · Michigan Law Review · doi:10.2307/1288305 · Cited by 8,981
The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics
Handler, R. (1996) · Museum Anthropology · doi:10.1525/mua.1996.20.2.76 · Cited by 1,521 · cited 2×
“…and the idea that the major social role of museums was to ‘civilise’ and ‘discipline’ the mass of the population to fit their position within society (Bennett 1995) through differentiating between ‘high’ and ‘elitist’ cultural forms which were worthy of preservation, and ‘low’ or ‘mass’ ones…”
BackgroundInfluentialHarrison, R. (2012) · Cited by 1,044
The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics
Bennett, T. (1995) · Cited by 1,028
Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums.
Bouquet, M., & duncan, C. (1998) · Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute · doi:10.2307/3034168 · Cited by 848
Harrison, R. (2013) · The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602001.013.021 · Cited by 606
Simon, N. (2010) · Cited by 533
Gaming in Targetworld: The Targets Approach to Managing British Public Services
Hood, C. (2006) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00612.x · Cited by 490
Professionals, Managers and Discretion: Critiquing Street-Level Bureaucracy
Evans, T. (2011) · British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcq074 · Cited by 450 · cited 1×
“Evans (2011) also discusses this when studying street-level workers and observed that managers had their own set of professional standards and values that were often sympathetic to ground-level workers.”
BackgroundThe Engaging Museum: Developing Museums for Visitor Involvement
Black, G. (2005) · doi:10.4324/9780203559277 · Cited by 342
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- DCMS (Department of Culture, Media and Sport), 2000, Centres for Social Chance: Museums, Archives and Galleries for All
- DCMS (Department of Culture, Media and Sport), 2006, Understanding the Future: Priorities for England's Museums
- Guntarik Olivia, 2010, Narratives of Community: Museums and Ethnicity
- Heijnen Wilke, 2010, Sociomuseology, 3, 13
- Johnson Terrence J., 1972, Professionals and Power
- Kreps Christina, 2009, Intangible Heritage, 193
- Mintzberg, Henry. 1983.Structures in Fives: Designing Effective Organisations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- MuseumsEtc, 2011, Museums of Ideas: Commitment and Conflict – A Collection of Essays
- Smith Charles Saumarez, 1989, The ‘New Museology, 6
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Thelwall, M. A., Bailey, C., Tobin, C. M., & Bradshaw, N.-A. (2018) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2018.12.002 · Cited by 118
Changes and Challenges in Museum Management after the COVID-19 Pandemic
Yun, J. J., Choi, B.-J., & Kim, J. (2021) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.3390/joitmc7020148 · Cited by 106
Digitalization in the cultural industry: evidence from Italian museums
Raimo, N., Turi, I. D., Ricciardelli, A., & Vitolla, F. (2021) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-01-2021-0082 · Cited by 105
Leopardi, A., Ceccacci, S., Mengoni, M., Naspetti, S., Gambelli, D., Öztürk, E., & Zanoli, R. (2020) · Journal of Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1016/j.culher.2020.10.005 · Cited by 97
Cultural Heritage in a Changing World
Borowiecki, K. J., Forbes, N., & Fresa, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29544-2 · Cited by 90
Metadata
- Authors
- McCall, V., & Gray, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Stirling (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Corresponding author
- McCall, Vikki
- ORCID
- McCall, Vikki
- Venue
- Museum Management and Curatorship
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-12-24
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-35
- ISSN
- 0964-7775 (ISSN-L)
- 1872-9185
- OpenAlex
- W2132760845
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 175.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Museum Management and Curatorship (publishedVersion)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Museology › Museums and Cultural Heritage
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Museology › Libraries and Information Services
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Cultural Heritage Management and Preservation
- Keywords
- new museology, role of museums, cultural policy, public museums, museum staff, organizational change, museum management, professional differentiation, hierarchical differentiation, policy implementation, museum values, Great Britain
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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