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Cited by 39Gender, Education, and Development IssuesWater Governance and InfrastructureWater Resource Management and Quality

Gender mainstreaming and water development projects: Analyzing unexpected enviro-social impacts in Bolivia, India, and Lesotho.

Cairns, Maryann R., Workman, Cassandra L., Tandon, Indrakshi·2017·Gender, Place & Culture
DOI 10.1080/0966369x.2017.1314945
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Abstract

Gender mainstreaming policies and programs, meant to be gender-sensitive or to target gender issues, are increasingly implemented by both governmental and non-governmental actors. However, these projects seem set to continually aim solely at women, despite more than a decade of work encouraging broader scope. Using recent case studies from Bolivia, Lesotho, and India, we address the tensions laden in three major questions about water, gender, and development: (1) Is mandatory inclusion of women in water governance and decision-making effective?, (2) Do water development projects provide equal benefits and burdens for women and men?, and (3) In what ways are water projects and their policies impacting and impacted by gendered enviro-social spaces? By providing triangulated data from ethnographic studies in three distinct local contexts, we are able to pinpoint major cross-cutting themes that serve to highlight and interrogate the gendered impacts of water development projects’ policies: public and private lives, women’s labor expectations, and managing participation. We find that gender mainstreaming endeavors continue to fall short in their aim to equitably include women in their programming and that geographic, environmental, and socio-cultural spaces are intimately related to how these equitability issues play out. We provide practical recommendations on how to address these issues.

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  • Women have faced financial or asset-related barriers to participation in community-level initiatives, including a lack of land ownership for water committees, an inability to sustain required monetary contributions for self-help groups, and a lack of financial incentive and opportunity costs.

    “Women have faced financial or asset-related barriers to participation in community-level initiatives, including a lack of land ownership for water committees (Peru [149] and Uganda [102]), an inability to sustain required monetary contributions for self-help groups (India [72]), and a lack of financial incentive and opportunity costs (India [69,89,125] and Ecuador [79]).”

    From Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [72]

  • Cairns et al. [7] indicated that lack of access to WaSH is critical to girls' enrolment and school attendance.

    “Cairns et al. [7] have indicated that lack of access to WaSH is critical to girls’ enrolment and school attendance.”

    From What if your husband doesn’t feel the pressure? An exploration of women’s involvement in WaSH decision making in Nyanchwa, Kenya. (2019) · cites this paper as [7]

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Authors
Cairns, M. R., Workman, C. L., & Tandon, I.
Affiliations
  • University of South Florida (US)
  • State University of New York (US)
Corresponding author
Cairns, Maryann R.
ORCID
Venue
Gender, Place & Culture
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2017-03-04
Volume
24
Issue
3
Pages
325-342
ISSN
  • 0966-369X (ISSN-L)
  • 1360-0524
DOI
10.1080/0966369x.2017.1314945
OpenAlex
W2619813040
Cited by
39
References
75
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
FWCI
15.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Gender Place & Culture (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Science Foundation (0966410 and 1243510, DDIG 0962526)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Education › Gender, Education, and Development Issues
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Water Governance and Infrastructure
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
Keywords
gender mainstreaming, water development projects, women's participation, water governance, public and private spheres, equitable benefit sharing, Bolivia, India, Lesotho

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