Characterizing gender-based violence in the context of water, sanitation, and hygiene: A scoping review of evidence in low- and middle-income countries
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A scoping review in non-humanitarian settings identified individual and collective strategies enacted to cope with WASH-GBV, noting that women managed sanitation insecurity by defecating with the safety of accompaniment by husbands and male household members.
“Findings from a scoping review in non-humanitarian settings identi fi ed individual and collective strategies enacted to cope with WASH-GBV, noting that women managed sanitation insecurity by defecating with the safety of accompaniment by husbands and male household members (Nunbogu & Elliott 2022).”
From Water insecurity and sexual and gender-based violence among refugee youth: qualitative insights from a humanitarian setting in Uganda (2022) · cites this paper as Nunbogu & Elliott 2022
Water insecurity is associated with increased risk of SGBV.
“Research has consistently revealed that water insecurity is associated with increased risk of SGBV.”
From Water insecurity and sexual and gender-based violence among refugee youth: qualitative insights from a humanitarian setting in Uganda (2022) · cites this paper as Nunbogu & Elliott 2022
The study did not explicitly examine all dimensions of violence noted as important to WASH-GBV, including psychological and structural violence.
“We did not explicitly examine all dimensions of violence noted as important to WASH-GBV, including psychological and structural violence (Nunbogu & Elliott 2022).”
From Water insecurity and sexual and gender-based violence among refugee youth: qualitative insights from a humanitarian setting in Uganda (2022) · cites this paper as Nunbogu & Elliott 2022
Other coping strategies for water insecurity, including water reuse and water sharing, did not emerge in participant narratives.
“Other coping strategies for water insecurity, including at the individual (e.g., water reuse) and community (e.g., water sharing) level (Nunbogu & Elliott 2022), did not emerge in participant narratives.”
From Water insecurity and sexual and gender-based violence among refugee youth: qualitative insights from a humanitarian setting in Uganda (2022) · cites this paper as Nunbogu & Elliott 2022
Findings corroborate prior research in non-humanitarian contexts that reveal interactions between socio-cultural, structural, and environmental factors that shape risks for WASH-related SGBV.
“Findings corroborate prior research in non-humanitarian contexts that reveal the interactions between socio-cultural (e.g., gender roles), structural (e.g., power relations), and environmental (e.g., distance) factors that shape risks for WASH-related SGBV (Nunbogu & Elliott 2022).”
From Water insecurity and sexual and gender-based violence among refugee youth: qualitative insights from a humanitarian setting in Uganda (2022) · cites this paper as Nunbogu & Elliott 2022
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Whole-Community Water Management: Inspiration for Water Utilities from Around the Globe
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“…insecurity and HIV risks, including transactional sex to meet menstruation needs [94, 95], and sexual violence while accessing public toi-lets [96–98], to reveal how these are experienced by young sex workers who are already disproportionately affected by HIV in Kenya yet remain understudied in…”
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“This proactive approach not only aligns with SDG 5, which centres on gender equality, but also contributes to SDG 4 (quality education) by expanding access to WASH services (Nunbogu and Elliott 2022).”
Camilletti, E., Gassmann, F., Groot, W. N. J., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2024.2434253 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The gender and age patterns are consistent across countries, except for a few countries where boys are more likely to fetch water and collect fire-wood, possibly because of concerns related to girls ’ mobility and fear of risk of violence (Nunbogu & Elliott, 2022; Rost, 2020).”
Water footprint for sustainable practices
Bhat, M. A., Dar, T. A., Ahmed, R., Khurshid, Z., & Nisa, F. U. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-30054-7.00013-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Inadequate menstrual health education – A neglected risk factor for gender-based violence
Nawaz, I., Manan, M. R., & Rahman, S. (2022) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_872_22 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“2018, Nunbogu and Elliott 2022).”
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Self-citationPathways linking WASH access and women's empowerment: Evidence from Zambia and Honduras
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“…2019; Rishworth et al., 2016), climate change (Curtis and Oven, 2012; Namanya et al., 2021), water sanitation and hygiene (Bisung and Elliott, 2017; Nunbogu and Elliott, 2022), food security (Kansanga et al., 2022; Siiba et al., 2024) and social determinants of health (Marmot and Wilkinson, 2005;…”
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Boadu, R. O., Abu, T. Z., Musah, C. I., Ainooson, O., & Elliott, S. J. (2025) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/daaf191 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation'We are all women here in Canada': Intimate bargains in WASH spaces
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Self-citationChi, H., Puno, A., Jain, A., Subramanian, S. V., & Kim, R. (2026) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2026.119005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
WASHed in stereotypes: A rigorous review of water-gender narratives in LMICs
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“This decision was further informed by a preliminary scoping exercise indicating that English-only inclusion criteria is a common approach in recent systematic, scoping, or critical reviews [14,16 – 18], particularly when most peer-reviewed research around this topic is published in English.”
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Majumder, S. (2026) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2026.2640617 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Dependence on unsafe water sources and the burden of long collection times disproportionately borne by women and children not only heighten physical vulnerability but also curtail opportunities for education and economic participation (Truelove 2019; Nunbogu and Elliott 2022; Mawani 2024).”
Logie, C. H., Admassu, Z., MacNeil, A., Hasham, A., Kagunda, J., Evelia, H., Gachoki, C., Omondi, B., Chege, M. W., Mwangi, M., et al. (2026) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-026-05109-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…profile reported increased IPV builds on the evidence documenting linkages between EWE [47, 92]—as well as water [41], food [93], and sanitation [40] insecurity—and increased violence to underscore that larger contextual factors of poverty re/produce gender ineq - uities that underpin SGBV.”
Feminist Political Ecology ( FPE ) Research on Irrigation: A Systematic Literature Review
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“…et al. 2020), drinking water (De Guzman et al. 2023), water, sanitation and hygiene (Caruso et al. 2022; MacArthur et al. 2020; Macura et al. 2023; Nunbogu and Elliott 2022) urban water insecurity (Tandon et al. 2024), water, land, and food security (Tantoh et al. 2021), tourism (Cole et al.…”
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“Water insecurity can exacerbate poverty and contribute to poor social, health, and overall well-being outcomes (Nunbogu & Elliott, 2022b; Patrick, 2021).”
Street office and care practices: emerging conceptions and reflexivities
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The Persistence of Failure in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ProgrammingPreprint
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Infrastructural violence, water insecurity, and gender in northern Peru
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- Authors
- Nunbogu, A. M., & Elliott, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Nunbogu, Abraham Marshall
- Venue
- Water Security
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-04
- Volume
- 15
- Pages
- 100113
- ISSN
- 2468-3124 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4220831076
- Semantic Scholar
- f6e1b222e9616e2abe3d39d8e803e63fa74e8593
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 22.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Water Security (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Gender, Education, and Development Issues
- Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies and Social Issues
- Keywords
- gender-based violence, water, sanitation and hygiene, violence against women, women and girls, low- and middle-income countries, gender norms, power relations, sexual violence, psychological violence, structural violence, social exclusion, marginalization, right to water and sanitation, conceptual framework, Sustainable Development Goal 5, SDG 6
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