Effects of psychosocial work characteristics on hair cortisol – findings from a post-trial study
Open accessAbstract
Prolonged work stress, as indicated by the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) model, jeopardizes health. Cortisol represents a candidate mechanism connecting stress to ill health. However, previous findings appear inconclusive, and recommendations were made to assess work stress at multiple time points and also to investigate ERI (sub-)components. This study therefore examines the effects of two single time points, as well as the mean and change scores between time points of ERI and its components on hair cortisol concentration (HCC), a long-term cortisol measurement. Participants were 66 male factory workers (age: 40.68 ± 6.74 years; HCC: 9.00 ± 7.11 pg/mg), who were followed up after a stress management intervention (2006-2008). In 2008 (T1) and 2015 (T2), participants completed a 23-item ERI questionnaire, assessing effort, the three reward components (esteem, job security, job promotion) and over-commitment. In 2015, participants also provided a 3-cm hair segment close to the scalp for HCC analysis, as well as information on relevant confounders (i.e. medication intake, age, work characteristics, socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, number of stressful life events). Linear regressions revealed hardly any cross-sectional or longitudinal effect of ERI and its components on HCC. Only the change scores between T1 and T2 of job security were negatively associated with lower HCC in unadjusted (β = -.320; p = .009) and adjusted (β = -.288; p = .044) models. In this study, only a decrease of perceived job security over time was significantly associated with higher HCC, and other predictors were not related to this outcome. Especially after correction for multiple testing, this study revealed just a weak association of different psychosocial work measurements with HCC. Lay summary This study showed that an increase in perceived job insecurity is correlated with higher levels of the stress hormone cortisol. The higher levels of cortisol might represent a biological explanation for the negative health effects of job insecurity. The association was, however, relatively low, and more and more voices are questioning whether cortisol in hair is a reliable marker for perceived work stress.
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Hair cortisol concentrations are related to perceived job insecurity and work stress.
“Studies have found that HCC is related to PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders [40, 41] or with perceived job insecurity and work stress [42, 43].”
From Effectiveness of a scalable, remotely delivered stepped-care intervention to reduce symptoms of psychological distress among Polish migrant workers in the Netherlands: study protocol for the RESPOND randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
The Abstract reports that decreased perceived job security over time was associated with higher hair cortisol concentration (HCC). It also says other work-stress predictors were not related to HCC, and the Discussion describes the overall association with adverse psychosocial work conditions as weak. The claim omits those qualifications and implies a broader relationship with work stress. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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“Studies have found that HCC is related to PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders [40, 41] or with perceived job insecurity and work stress [42, 43].”
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Mikkelsen, S., Forman, J. L., Andersen, J. H., Flachs, E. M., Grynderup, M. B., Hansen, Å. M., Kærlev, L., Kolstad, H. A., Rugulies, R., Skaaby, S., et al. (2026) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-026-02209-3
- Authors
- Herr, R. M., Barrech, A., Gündel, H., Lang, J., Quinete, N. S., Angerer, P., & Li, J.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Herr, Raphael M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Stress
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-06-27
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 363-370
- ISSN
- 1025-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1607-8888
- OpenAlex
- W2621902819
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research (B)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- hair cortisol, effort-reward imbalance, psychosocial work characteristics, job insecurity, job security, occupational stress, stress management interventions, overcommitment, esteem, employee promotion, industrial workers
- MeSH terms
- Occupational Stress, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Hair, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reward, Stress, Psychological, Biomarkers
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