Values and Creativity

“Schwartz (1994) further argued that value types differ in their degree of compatibility with other value types.”

“We used the 20-item Impression Management Scale (Paulhus, 1991) rather than the Crowne-Marlowe Scale because the latter actually measures approval motivation rather than response bias (Paulhus).”

“(This may explain why narcissistic individuals, who highly value public recognition of competitive success, Kasser & Ryan, 1996, behave more creatively when anticipating public social comparison but not when anticipating private social comparison, Wallace & Baumeister, 2002.)”

“…with personal values (Sansone & Smith, 2000) and operationalized with participants’ assessments of the importance, value, or degree of fit with one’s values of various goals, strivings, or other endeavors (e.g., Koestner et al., 2002; Sheldon & Elliot, 1998, 1999; Sheldon & Houser-Marko, 2001).”

“Additionally, creative behavior is encouraged by attributes that are expressed in the values of independence, autonomy, and curiosity (Feist, 1998; Ochse, 1990).”

“106 Creativity Research Journal Second, by influencing one’s evaluations of activities and their expected consequences, one’s value priorities help determine, respectively, one’s level of intrinsic motivation and external motivation for doing activities (Feather, 1995; Homer & Kahle, 1988).”

“…values and variables conceptually similar to creativity, the ‘‘values’’ facet of Openness to Experience correlated positively with divergent thinking (McCrae, 1987) and values were not consistently related to assessments of product quality and originality on vocational tasks (Mumford et al.,…”

“) This model of the structure of human values has been supported in analyses of thousands of participants in various cultural groups (Schwartz & Boehnke, 2004 ).”

“This hypothesis bears resemblance to Amabile's ( 1993 1997 ) motivational synergy hypothesis.”

“1 Values are defined as stable beliefs about the relative importance of desirable transsituational goals/ideals, functioning as general principles guiding evaluations, decisions, and behavior and operationalized with participants' assessments of the importance of various qualities/ideals (Braithwaite & Scott, 1991 ; R…”

“Such an outcome is consistent with McClelland's ( 1985 ) suggestion that values (indicating explicit self-attributed motivation) predict relevant behavior more strongly when such behavior is measured explicitly.”

“Although this hypothesized pattern of associations between creative behavior and value types was never before tested with creative behavior, it is consistent with Feather’s (1995) findings concerning attitudes and choices related to creativity.”

“As in previous research by other investigators (e.g., Amabile, 1985; Cheek & Stahl, 1986; Ruscio, Whitney, & Amabile, 1998), participants were assigned the first line of each poem.”

“(This may explain why narcissistic individuals, who highly value public recognition of competitive success, Kasser & Ryan, 1996, behave more creatively when anticipating public social comparison but not when anticipating private social comparison, Wallace & Baumeister, 2002.)”

“Since then, many studies have examined the hypothesis that intrinsic motivation is conducive to creativity, and these studies have been largely supportive (eg, Koestner, Ryan, Bernieri, & Holt, 1984 ; Kruglanski, Friedman, & Zeevi, 1971 ; for a review, see Amabile, 1996 ).”

“Identified motivation has been equated with personal values (Sansone & Smith, 2000) and operationalized with participants' assessments of the importance, value, or degree of fit with one's values of various goals, strivings, or other endeavors (eg, Koestner et al, 2002 ; Sheldon & Elliot, 1998, 1999 ; Sheldon & Houser…”

“The predicted wavelike pattern has been confirmed in studies of electoral, religious, and intergroup behaviors (Saroglou et al., 2004; Schwartz, 1996).”

“Shin and Zhou (2003) measured the values of tradition, conformity, and security among employees at Korean R&D companies and reported that such values did not correlate with supervisor ratings of dispositional creativity.2 Although important, previous studies of values and creativity are difficult…”

“…with personal values (Sansone & Smith, 2000) and operationalized with participants’ assessments of the importance, value, or degree of fit with one’s values of various goals, strivings, or other endeavors (e.g., Koestner et al., 2002; Sheldon & Elliot, 1998, 1999; Sheldon & Houser-Marko, 2001).”

“The issue of whether extrinsic motivation prevents or promotes creativity has sparked intense debate, which has not yet been fully resolved (Collins & Amabile, 1999; Eisenberger & Shanock, 2003).”

“In future research, causal direction could be experimentally controlled by measuring creative behavior after inducing states of heightened importance for creativity versus other values (Bettman & Sujan, 1987 ).”

“…a multiplicative interaction, Amabile explicitly hypothesized that informational=enabling extrinsic motivation should ‘‘add’’ to intrinsic motivation (Amabile, 1997, p. 22) and described her prediction of motivational synergy as ‘‘an additive effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation’’…”

“The making of a creative product may be considered a multiplicative task, because it generally consists of multiple subtasks that are each necessary but insufficient for successful creativity (Loehle, 1994; Simonton, 2000; Sternberg & Lubart, 1995).”

“…yielded mixed results, some researchers claiming negative effects of extrinsic motivation on creativity (e.g., Amabile, 1985), other researchers claiming positive effects (e.g., Boice, 1983; Eisenberger & Rhoades, 2001), and still others reporting mixed effects (Baer, Oldham, & Cummings, 2003).”

“If the present results generalize to individuals who are less highly educated, then values should be related to creative behavior more strongly in a more representative sample because college students generally place higher priority on the value types that facilitated creative behavior and lower priority on those that…”

“The issue of whether extrinsic motivation prevents or promotes creativity has sparked intense debate, which has not yet been fully resolved (Collins & Amabile, 1999; Eisenberger & Shanock, 2003 ).”

“We used the 20-item Impression Management Scale (Paulhus, 1991) rather than the Crowne-Marlowe Scale because the latter actually measures approval motivation rather than response bias (Paulhus).”

“However, the possibility that participants' creative performance in our study influenced their values ratings does not provide a plausible explanation of the present results, for several reasons: (a) Participants created original products after they had already indicated their value priorities; (b) correlations of cre…”

“First, many studies have revealed that identified motivation predicted various behaviors more strongly than did any other type of motivation, including intrinsic motivation (Koestner, Losier, Vallerand, & Carducci, 1996 ; Losier & Koestner, 1999 ; Losier, Perreault, Koestner, & Vallerand, 2001 ; Sheldon & Elliot, 1998…”

“Relative to standard instructions, explicit creativity instructions have been found to increase the strength of correlations between traits and creative behavior (e.g., Chen, Kasof, Himsel, Dmitrieva, Dong, & Xue, 2005; Harrington, 1975; Katz & Poag, 1979) and stimulate creativity more strongly in individuals who are…”

“Similarly, prioritizing Self-Direction values far above all else may increase an aspiring scientist’s motivation to do highly original work, but if it leads to excessive rejection of the field’s norms, conventions, and traditions, the aspiring scientist may face major difficulties in securing a foothold in the social…”

“Nearly 50 years ago, Crutchfield (1961, 1962) proposed that creative thinking is facilitated by intrinsic motivation and inhibited by extrinsic motivation.”

“As in previous research by other investigators (eg, Amabile, 1985 ; Cheek & Stahl, 1986 ; Ruscio, Whitney, & Amabile, 1998 ), participants were assigned the first line of each poem.”

“…correlated negatively with the Q-sort item ‘‘favors conservative values’’ and correlated positively with the items ‘‘values own independence and autonomy’’ and ‘‘values intellectual and cognitive matters’’ (Barron, 1968; Helson, 1971; MacKinnon, 1978; also see Helson, Roberts, & Agronick, 1995).”

“Creativity-relevant values appear to motivate selection of situations conducive to creative behavior (e.g., careers, academic majors, specializations; Knafo & Sagiv, 2004; Sagiv, 2002; Scott, 1965; also see Getzels & Csikszentmihalyi, 1976, p. 50).”

“Creativity-relevant values appear to motivate selection of situations conducive to creative behavior (e.g., careers, academic majors, specializations; Knafo & Sagiv, 2004; Sagiv, 2002; Scott, 1965; also see Getzels & Csikszentmihalyi, 1976, p. 50).”

“In general, for traits that motivate the preferential selection of situations conducive to trait-expressive behavior, traits predict trait-expressive behavior less strongly in externally imposed situations than self-selected situations (Emmons & Diener, 1986 ; Feather, 1995 ; Snyder, 1983).”

“Indeed, when a value survey was administered to large representative samples of American adults in 1968 and 1971, creativity was last-ranked among the survey’s 36 values (Rokeach, 1974).”

“(For further details of these analyses, see Chen et al., 2006.)”

“The two IPAR studies in which values were measured with Creativity Research Journal 107 Allport, Vernon, and Lindzey’s (1951) Study of Values questionnaire yielded conflicting, and mostly insignificant, results (Helson & Crutchfield, 1970; MacKinnon, 1962).”

“…beliefs about the relative importance of desirable transsituational goals=ideals, functioning as general principles guiding evaluations, decisions, and behavior and operationalized with participants’ assessments of the importance of various qualities=ideals (Braithwaite & Scott, 1991; Rohan, 2000).”

“In Chen, Himsel, Kasof, Greenberger, and Dmitrieva’s (2006) analyses of the 158 participants who received each of the creativity tasks, principal component factor analyses with varimax rotations accounted for nearly 60% of the variance in each instructional condition and revealed three factors that correspond to the t…”

“Although personal value systems are relatively stable dispositions, research has demonstrated that at least some value priorities can be deliberately altered by various methods (eg, Ball-Rokeach, Rokeach, & Grube, 1984 ; Schwartz & Inbar-Saban, 1988 ).”

“(For more details about the instructional conditions and their effects, see Chen et al., 2005.)”

“…have revealed that identified motivation predicted various behaviors more strongly than did any other type of motivation, including intrinsic motivation (Koestner, Losier, Vallerand, & Carducci, 1996; Losier & Koestner, 1999; Losier, Perreault, Koestner, & Vallerand, 2001; Sheldon & Elliot, 1998).”

“The drawing task was adapted from tasks used in many previous creativity studies (e.g., Chen, Kasof, Himsel, Greenberger, Dong, & Xue, 2002; Getzels & Cskszentmihalyi, 1976; Sobel & Rothenberg, 1980; Sternberg & Lubart, 1995).”

“As in previous research by other investigators (e.g., Amabile, 1985; Cheek & Stahl, 1986; Ruscio, Whitney, & Amabile, 1998), participants were assigned the first line of each poem.”

“First, many studies have revealed that identified motivation predicted various behaviors more strongly than did any other type of motivation, including intrinsic motivation (Koestner, Losier, Vallerand, & Carducci, 1996 ; Losier & Koestner, 1999 ; Losier, Perreault, Koestner, & Vallerand, 2001 ; Sheldon & Elliot, 1998…”

“To assess mathematical creativity, simple objective coding schemes were developed based on Haylock (1987).”

“…been found to increase the strength of correlations between traits and creative behavior (e.g., Chen, Kasof, Himsel, Dmitrieva, Dong, & Xue, 2005; Harrington, 1975; Katz & Poag, 1979) and stimulate creativity more strongly in individuals who are more creative in their occupations (Datta, 1963).”

“…values and variables conceptually similar to creativity, the ‘‘values’’ facet of Openness to Experience correlated positively with divergent thinking (McCrae, 1987) and values were not consistently related to assessments of product quality and originality on vocational tasks (Mumford et al., 2002).”

“Third, research on creative writers has produced the counterintuitive finding that ‘‘creative inspiration is more likely to follow, than precede, productivity’’ (Boice, 1983, p. 542), particularly when the antecedent productivity is motivated by one’s own values.”

“Consistent with research on state intrinsic motivation, the trait of IMO correlates positively with creative behavior (Amabile et al., 1994; Kaufman, 2002).”

“…submitted fewer manuscripts for publication, and reported greater procrastination than did writers who typically began writing before they wanted to and wrote in regular sessions they had scheduled, apparently motivated by an internal sense of the importance of their work (Boice, 1997).”

“, Chen, Kasof, Himsel, Dmitrieva, Dong, & Xue, 2005; Harrington, 1975; Katz & Poag, 1979) and stimulate creativity more strongly in individuals who are more creative in their occupations (Datta, 1963).”

“The making of a creative product may be considered a multiplicative task, because it generally consists of multiple subtasks that are each necessary but insufficient for successful creativity (Loehle, 1994; Simonton, 2000; Sternberg & Lubart, 1995).”

“…the work of creativity with such terms as ‘‘toil,’’ ‘‘painstaking,’’ ‘‘laborious,’’ ‘‘painful effort,’’ ‘‘serious hard work,’’ ‘‘like going to the dentist,’’ and ‘‘Hell on Earth’’ (Ghiselin, 1952, pp. 117, 118; Plimpton, 1999, pp. 61, 249; Steinkraus, 1985; Webb, 1998, p. 2; Zollo, 2003, p. 332).”

“For example, evidence suggests that values are related to creativity (Dollinger, Burke, and Gump, 2007; Kasof et al., 2007), reactions to organizational change (Sverdlik and Oreg, 2009), cooperation versus competition in social dilemmas (Sagiv, Sverdlik, and Schwarz, 2011) and conflict resolution style (Morris et al.”

“As a result, some researchers have been tempted to use nonexperts as judges of creativity—novices, such as college students with no other qualifications than a desire to earn research participation credit in Introductory Psychology (eg, Baer, 1996 ; Chen, Himsel, Kasof, Greenberger, & Dmitreiva, 2006; Joussemet & Koes…”