The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior
Published version of a preprint
Abstract
The Health Belief Model (HBM; Rosenstock, 1966) was constructed to explain which beliefs should be targeted in communication campaigns to cause positive health behaviors. The model specifies that if individuals perceive a negative health outcome to be severe, perceive themselves to be susceptible to it, perceive the benefits to behaviors that reduce the likelihood of that outcome to be high, and perceive the barriers to adopting those behaviors to be low, then the behavior is likely for those individuals. A meta-analysis of 18 studies (2,702 subjects) was conducted to determine whether measures of these beliefs could longitudinally predict behavior. Benefits and barriers were consistently the strongest predictors. The length of time between measurement of the HBM beliefs and behavior, prevention versus treatment behaviors, and drug-taking regimens versus other behaviors were identified as moderators of the HBM variables' predictive power. Based on the weakness of two of the predictors, the continued use of the direct effects version of the HBM is not recommended.
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“Research has shown that the HBM constructs are predictive of actual behavior”
From Treatment histories, barriers, and preferences for individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2010
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Citations
Cites
The Health Belief Model: a decade later.
Janz, N. K., & Becker, M. H. (1984) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019818401100101 · Cited by 8,437
Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model
Rosenstock, I. M. (1974) · Health Education Monographs · doi:10.1177/109019817400200403 · Cited by 6,116
Social Learning Theory and the Health Belief Model
Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988) · Health Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/109019818801500203 · Cited by 5,564
Putting the fear back into fear appeals: the extended parallel process model
Witte, K. (1992) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637759209376276 · Cited by 3,880
Health Belief Model and Personal Health Behavior
Becker, M. H. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,065
Hunter, J., & Schmidt, F. (2004) · doi:10.4135/9781412985031 · Cited by 3,023
Why People Use Health Services
Rosenstock, I. M. (2005) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00425.x · Cited by 2,329
The Health Belief Model and Sick Role Behavior
Becker, M. H. (1974) · Health Education Monographs · doi:10.1177/109019817400200407 · Cited by 2,327
Why People Use Health Services
Rosenstock, I. M. (1966) · The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3348967 · Cited by 2,305
Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2000) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00156 · Cited by 833
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Betsch, C., Schmid, P., Heinemeier, D., Korn, L., Holtmann, C., & Böhm, R. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208601 · Cited by 1,276
“In previous work [22], we therefore suggested constellations of psychological predictors that match the hesitancy factors’ definitions (given in Table 1, column 2), referring to established theoretical frameworks, such as the Health Belief Model [24] and the Theory of Planned Behavior [23].”
MethodJones, C., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Brown, N. R., Christy, K. R., & Weaver, J. (2014) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.873363 · Cited by 1,262
“Previous research has found that perceived susceptibility is a better predictor than severity (Janz & Becker, 1984), although findings are somewhat conflicted on this issue (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhich Healthy Eating Nudges Work Best? A Meta-Analysis of Field Experiments
Cadario, R., & Chandon, P. (2019) · Marketing Science · doi:10.1287/mksc.2018.1128 · Cited by 520
“Even interventions that successfully change beliefs about the health consequences of behaviors often fail to lead tomeaningful behavioral changes (Carpenter 2010, Sniehotta et al. 2014).”
Towards an Effective Health Interventions Design: An Extension of the Health Belief Model
Orji, R., Vassileva, J., & Mandryk, R. L. (2012) · Online Journal of Public Health Informatics · doi:10.5210/ojphi.v4i3.4321 · Cited by 451
Jones, C. J., Smith, H., & Llewellyn, C. (2014) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2013.802623 · Cited by 421
“The HBM’s effectiveness in predicting and explaining behaviour has been well documented in four meta-analyses over the last three decades (Carpenter, 2010; Harrison, Mullen, & Green, 1992; Janz & Becker, 1984; Zimmerman & Vernberg, 1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Carpenter, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Western Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Health Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-11-30
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 661-669
- ISSN
- 1041-0236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7027
- OpenAlex
- W2102635611
- Cited by
- 1,604
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Communication (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
- Keywords
- Health Belief Model, health behavior prediction, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, health campaigns, longitudinal prediction
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Models, Psychological, Health Behavior, Health Communication
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