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A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Variables in Predicting Behavior
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Abstract
The Health Belief Model (HBM; Rosenstock, 1966) was constructed to explain which beliefs should be targeted in communication campaigns to cause positive health behaviors. The model specifies that if individuals perceive a negative health outcome to be severe, perceive themselves to be susceptible to it, perceive the benefits to behaviors that reduce the likelihood of that outcome to be high, and perceive the barriers to adopting those behaviors to be low, then the behavior is likely for those individuals. A meta-analysis of 18 studies (2,702 subjects) was conducted to determine whether measures of these beliefs could longitudinally predict behavior. Benefits and barriers were consistently the strongest predictors. The length of time between measurement of the HBM beliefs and behavior, prevention versus treatment behaviors, and drug-taking regimens versus other behaviors were identified as moderators of the HBM variables' predictive power. Based on the weakness of two of the predictors, the continued use of the direct effects version of the HBM is not recommended.
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“Research has shown that the HBM constructs are predictive of actual behavior”
From Treatment histories, barriers, and preferences for individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Carpenter, 2010
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Citations
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“Carpenter (2010) reported the findings of a review of 18 studies and noted that benefits and barriers were consistently the strongest predictors.”
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“…over time and multilevel interactions between individuals, their social networks, and a host of institutions that create and enact policies around mental health services, including involuntary commitment statutes (Carpenter 2010; Phillips et al. 1998; Rogler and Cortes 1993; Roh et al. 2017).”
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“media message) triggers (Carpenter 2010; Straub and Leahy 2014) as well as disposal factors that motivate preventive behavior.”
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“This model examines how behavioral change is determined by several factors, such as knowledge about cancer and cancer screening, perceived susceptibility to cancer, perceived threat of cancer to one’s life, perceived positive outcomes associated with screening, barriers to screening, and self-efficacy in obtaining scr…”
BackgroundRanjit, Y. S., Shin, H., First, J. M., & Houston, J. B. (2021) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2021.1887328 · Cited by 77
“Additionally, susceptibility and severity are perceived differently depending on whether the health behavior in question is preventative or is a treatment (Carpenter 2010; Rosenstock 1974).”
BackgroundMirzaei, A., Kazembeigi, F., Kakaei, H., Jalilian, M., Mazloomi, S., & Nourmoradi, H. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_747_20 · Cited by 77
“According to the HBM, the internal cues to action should lead to healthy behavior.[17,18] The external cues to action such as healthcare staffs and reliable social media can play a major role to introduce the internal cues to action about Table 4: Multiple linear regression analysis of the health belief model variable…”
BackgroundMethodJin, Q., Raza, S. H., Yousaf, M., Zaman, U., & Siang, J. M. L. D. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9070757 · Cited by 76
Advancing Visual Health Communication Research to Improve Infodemic Response
King, A. J., & Lazard, A. J. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1838094 · Cited by 74
Social distancing, trust and post-COVID-19 recovery
Kim, Y. R., & Liu, A. (2021) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104416 · Cited by 73
“In the health literature, the HBM has been widely used to examine the determinants of positive health behaviours (Carpenter, 2010); people are more likely to take positive health behaviours when they are susceptible to negative health outcomes, understand the benefit of the health behaviour or the barriers to implemen…”
Using health psychology to help patients: theories of behaviour change
Barley, E. A., & Lawson, V. (2016) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2016.25.16.924 · Cited by 87
“Systematic reviews indicate the HBM is effective in predicting a range of health behaviours (Carpenter, 2010) and that interventions informed by the HBM can increase adherence to a range of healthy behaviours including taking medications, following diets and making lifestyle changes (Jones et al,…”
Niu, Z., Zhou, Q., Hu, P., & Wang, T. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1880684 · Cited by 79
“HLSF and HBM focus on different aspects that may potentially influence preventive behaviors and have been used in combination in prior research (Panahi et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialChanging dynamics and travel evading: a case of Indian tourists amidst the COVID 19 pandemic
Gupta, V., Cahyanto, I., Sajnani, M., & Shah, C. (2021) · Journal of Tourism Futures · doi:10.1108/jtf-04-2020-0061 · Cited by 72
Cao, Z., Chen, Y., & Wang, S. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-26 · Cited by 72
“Health educations based on the HBM have been shown to be effective in promoting a range of behavior changes [14-17].”
BackgroundSecurity behaviors of smartphone users
Das, A., & Khan, H. U. (2016) · Information and Computer Security · doi:10.1108/ics-04-2015-0018 · Cited by 72
George, C. M., Biswas, S. K., Jung, D., Perin, J., Parvin, T., Monira, S., Saif‐Ur‐Rahman, K., Rashid, M., Bhuyian, S. I., Thomas, E., et al. (2017) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198116683141 · Cited by 71
“…factors were derived from the theory of planned behavior, the health belief model, the RANAS (Risks, Attitudes, Norms, Abilities, and Self-regulation) model, and previous studies (Ajzen, 1985; Aunger et al., 2010; Carpenter, 2010; Dreibelbis et al., 2013; Mosler, Blöchliger, & Inauen, 2010).”
MethodInstitutional trust is a distinct construct related to vaccine hesitancy and refusal
Krastev, S., Krajden, O., Vang, Z. M., Juárez, F. P.-G., Solomonova, E., Goldenberg, M. J., Weinstock, D., Smith, M. J., Dervis, E., Pilat, D., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17345-5 · Cited by 74
“Past research has described the predictors of vaccine hesitancy under the umbrella of broader behaviors – for example using the Health Belief Model (HBM) [18] and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) [19].”
MethodReyes, G. P., Nandakumar, K., & Stevens, R. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-5678-1.ch064 · Cited by 71
Application of health behaviour theory to sleep health improvement
Mead, M. P., & Irish, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12950 · Cited by 71
“It has strong empirical support for both the prediction and the modification of health behaviours, such as smoking, drug use and exercise (Carpenter, 2010; Harrison, Mullen, & Green, 1992).”
BackgroundShacham, M., Greenblatt‐Kimron, L., Hamama‐Raz, Y., Martin, L. R., Peleg, O., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Mijiritsky, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073804 · Cited by 69
“A recent meta-analysis showed that perceived benefits and barriers are the most substantial predictors of health behavior [27].”
BackgroundWang, X., Wong, Y. D., Qi, G., & Yuen, K. F. (2021) · Electronic Commerce Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101075 · Cited by 69
Huang, Y., & Liu, W. (2021) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/10755470211048192 · Cited by 69
Mulualem, D., Henry, C. J., Berhanu, G., & Whiting, S. J. (2016) · Ecology of Food and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/03670244.2016.1161617 · Cited by 69
“The HBM is one of the most commonly used theories to understand health behavior (Carpenter 2010).”
BackgroundBakhtiyari, Z., Yazdanpanah, M., Forouzani, M., & Kazemi, N. (2016) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.165 · Cited by 69
Application of the Health Belief Model to customers' use of menu labels in restaurants
Jeong, J.-Y., & Ham, S. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.012 · Cited by 69
Gardner, B., Rebar, A. L., & Lally, P. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.041 · Cited by 73
Changing rice cropping patterns among farmers as a preventive policy to protect water resources
Boazar, M., Abdeshahi, A., & Yazdanpanah, M. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2020.1729705 · Cited by 68
Green or in between? Examining youth perceptions of renewable energy in Iran
Yazdanpanah, M., Komendantova, N., Shirazi, Z. N., & Linnerooth‐Bayer, J. (2015) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2015.04.011 · Cited by 71
Barattucci, M., Pagliaro, S., Ballone, C., Teresi, M., Consoli, C., Garofalo, A., de Giorgio, A., & Ramaci, T. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10071099 · Cited by 60
“In line with the abundant literature on health behaviors, our findings confirmed: (i) the positive relationship provided by HBM theory between perceptions of SARS-CoV2 risk (vulnerability and severity) and vaccination intention, through fear of COVID19 [20,47–53]; (ii) the positive relationship between subjective norm…”
BackgroundInfluentialAl-Sabbagh, M. Q., Al-Ani, A. T., Mafrachi, B., Siyam, A., Isleem, U., Massad, F., Al-Sabbagh, Q., & Abufaraj, M. M. (2020) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1871770 · Cited by 66
“The perceptions of seriousness of illness, barriers and benefits of the preventive behavior were consistently predictive of increasing likelihood of performing healthpromoting behaviors (Carpenter, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Carpenter, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Western Illinois University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, Christopher J.
- Venue
- Health Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-11-30
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 661-669
- ISSN
- 1041-0236 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7027
- OpenAlex
- W2102635611
- Cited by
- 1,604
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 190 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 53 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Health Communication (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media Influence and Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Wellbeing Research
- Keywords
- Health Belief Model, health behavior prediction, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, health campaigns, longitudinal prediction
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Models, Psychological, Health Behavior, Health Communication
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