Sources of Stress and Their Associations With Mental Disorders Among College Students: Results of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Initiative
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The college years are stressful for many students. Identifying the sources of stress and their relative importance in leading to clinically significant emotional problems may assist in the development of targeted stress management interventions. The current report examines the distribution and associations of perceived stress across major life areas with 12-month prevalence of common mental disorders in a cross-national sample of first-year college students. The 20,842 respondents were from 24 universities in 9 countries that participated in the World Health Organization World Mental Health International College Student Initiative. Logistic regression analysis examined associations of current perceived stress in 6 life areas (financial situation, health, love life, relationships with family, relationships at work/school, problems experienced by loved ones) with 6 types of 12-month mental disorders (major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder). Population attributable risk proportions (PARPs) were calculated to estimate the upper-bound potential effects of interventions focused on perceived stress in reducing prevalence of mental disorders. The majority of students (93.7%) reported at least some stress in at least 1 of the 6 areas. A significant dose-response association was found between extent of stress in each life area and increased odds of at least 1 of the 6 disorders. The multivariable models that included all stress measures were significant for all disorders (F=20.6-70.6, p<.001). Interpretation of PARPs as representing causal effects of stresses on disorders suggests that up to 46.9-80.0% of 12-month disorder prevalence might be eliminated if stress prevention interventions were developed to block the associations of stress with these disorders.
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Many students must balance academic, social, and familial lives while potentially working to fund their education and general expenses.
“Many students are in a unique position in life, in which they must balance academic, social, and familial lives, while also potentially working to fund their education and general expenses (Karyotaki et al., 2020).”
From A Scoping Review of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in Higher Education (2024) · cites this paper as Karyotaki et al., 2020
The Discussion (page not provided) identifies finances, friendships, and family relationships as sources of stress for college students. The Measures section (page not provided) also covers relationships at work or school, but it does not establish that students work to pay for education or living expenses; academic-performance stress was not assessed. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychological interventions for college students may play a critical role in prevention and early intervention with common mental disorders.
“Therefore psychological interventions for college students may play a critical role in prevention and early intervention with these mental disorders (Karyotaki et al., 2020).”
From Effects of self-guided stress management interventions in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Karyotaki et al., 2020
Prolonged psychological stress is closely associated with mental disorders.
“Prolonged psychological stress is closely associated with mental disorders (Auerbach et al., 2018; Beiter et al., 2015; Karyotaki et al., 2020; Mortier et al., 2018)”
From Effects of self-guided stress management interventions in college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Karyotaki et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Karyotaki, E., Cuijpers, P., Albor, Y., Alonso, J., Auerbach, R. P., Bantjes, J., Bruffaerts, R., Ebert, D. D., Hasking, P., Kiekens, G., Lee, S., McLafferty, M., Mak, A., Mortier, P., Sampson, N. A., Stein, D. J., Vilagut, G., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (MX)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Columbia University (US)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Curtin University (AU)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Municipal Institute for Medical Research (ES)
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, Ronald C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-07-30
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 1759-1759
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7406671
- OpenAlex
- W3046229056
- Cited by
- 389
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 44.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) (submittedVersion)
- OPUS FAU (Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV), on behalf of the Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R56MH109566, R01MH070884)
- Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (11N0514N, 11N0516N, 1114717N)
- King Baudouin Foundation United States (2014-J2140150-102905)
- Eli Lilly and Company (IIT-H6U-BX-I002)
- ZonMw (636110005)
- South African Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Keywords
- perceived stress, university students, common mental disorders, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, alcoholism, drug use disorders, financial stress, family relationships, population attributable risk, dose-response relationship, first-year students
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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