Change mechanisms in psychotherapy: Multiperspective assessment and relation to outcome
Abstract
The study aimed at constructing a reliable and valid post-session questionnaire measuring general change mechanisms of psychotherapy with correspondent versions for patient and therapist perspectives. Therefore, 253 inpatients in early, middle, and late stages of psychotherapy completed the newly developed Scale for the Multiperspective Assessment of General Change Mechanisms in Psychotherapy (SACiP) and diverse outcome measures. The psychometric qualities of the SACiP were excellent as shown by (a) exploratory factor analyses on patient and therapist ratings, (b) confirmatory factor analyses on later measuring times, and (c) high internal consistencies. Supporting construct validity, the SACiP predicted outcome, as shown by correlational analyses and mixed effects modeling. Patient evaluations of change mechanisms were better predictors of outcome than the corresponding therapist evaluations.
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The SACiP demonstrated an excellent factor structure (with 0.51 ≤ λ ≤ 0.85), revealed good internal consistencies (with 0.71 ≤ α ≤ 0.90), and was outcome predictive.
“The measure demonstrated an excellent factor structure (with 0.51 ≤ λ ≤ 0.85), revealed good internal consistencies (with 0.71 ≤ α ≤ 0.90), and was outcome predictive.”
From The process-outcome mindfulness effects in trainees (PrOMET) study: Protocol of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as Mander et al. 2013
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Therapieprozesse in der Kinder- und Jugendlichenpsychotherapie
In‐Albon, T., Munsch, S., Vonderlin, E., Kalmar, J., Brodard, F., Flückiger, C., Gutzweiler, R., Kircher, A., & Mander, J. (2021) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a000332 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychodynamic psychotherapists’ perceptions of change: A phenomenological analysis
Antichi, L., Biondi, B., Giannini, M., & Grotto, R. L. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2025.2535564 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Spezifische Techniken in kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Ausbildungstherapien
D’Errico, L., Call, M., Vogel, E., Bents, H., & Mander, J. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000489 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationEngel, S., Schumacher, S., Niemeyer, H., Kuester, A., Burchert, S., Rau, H., Willmund, G., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2020) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000505303 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abstracts from Other Journals. Naturalistic Research
Manning, S. (2013) · Ata Journal of Psychotherapy Aotearoa New Zealand · doi:10.9791/ajpanz.2013.11
Hardiman, S. (2016) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) · doi:10.34961/8050
Rivera, J. D. S., Krause, M., Pesqueira, L. U., & Claveriè, I. R. (2022) · CES Psicología · doi:10.21615/cesp.6052
Heim, P., Brose, A., Böttche, M., Peters, E. M. J., Ehrenthal, J. C., Knaevelsrud, C., & Kerber, A. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-106741
Mander, J., Kalmar, J., Werling, A. M., Sallinger, C., & Vonderlin, E. (2025) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2025.74.7.607
Self-citationNiemeyer, H., Knaevelsrud, C., Schumacher, S., Engel, S., Kuester, A., Burchert, S., Muschalla, B., Weiss, D., Spies, J. C., Rau, H., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12262259
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Niemeyer, H., Knaevelsrud, C., Schumacher, S., Engel, S., Kuester, A., Burchert, S., Muschalla, B., Weiss, D., Spies, J. C., Rau, H., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12262265
Kopf‐Beck, J., Zimmermann, P., Egli, S., Rein, M., Kappelmann, N., Fietz, J., Tamm, J., Rek, K., Lucae, S., Brem, A.-K., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13093877
Töpfer, N. F., Wester, R., & Wilz, G. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70180
Řiháček, T., & Cviková, V. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2704062
Burkhardt, E., Lerch, S., Flückiger, R., Cavelti, M., Kindler, J., Kaess, M., & Michel, C. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117423
- Authors
- Mander, J. V., Wittorf, A., Schlarb, A., Hautzinger, M., Zipfel, S., & Sammet, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Mander, Johannes Volker
- Venue
- Psychotherapy Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 105-116
- ISSN
- 1050-3307 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-4381
- OpenAlex
- W2132158493
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychotherapy Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) (submittedVersion)
- Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld (Universität Bielefeld) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics
- Keywords
- patient perspectives, therapist perspectives, psychotherapy outcome prediction, psychometric validation, inpatient psychotherapy, factor structure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Professional-Patient Relations, Psychometrics, Psychotherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Treatment Outcome, Patient Satisfaction
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