Religious Involvement, Gratitude, and Change in Depressive Symptoms Over Time
Open accessAbstract
Three hypotheses are evaluated in this study. The first predicts that feelings of gratitude will offset (i.e., moderate) the deleterious effects of chronic financial strain on depressive symptoms over time. The second hypothesis specifies that people who go to church more often will be more likely to feel grateful. The third hypothesis predicts that individuals with a strong sense of God-mediated control will also feel more grateful. Data from a nationwide longitudinal study of older adults in the United States (N = 818) provide support for all three hypotheses. The data suggest that the effects of ongoing economic difficulty on depressive symptoms are especially pronounced for older people who are less grateful. But in contrast, persistent financial difficulties fail to exert a statistically significant effect on depressive symptoms over time for older individuals who are especially grateful. The results further reveal that more frequent church attendance and stronger God-mediated control beliefs are associated with positive changes in gratitude over time.
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Of the 178 highest-rigor studies on R/S and depression, 119 (67%) reported inverse relationships and 13 (7%) found positive relationships with depression.
“Of the 178 studies with the highest methodological rigor, 119 (67%) reported inverse relationships [124–135] and 13 (7%) found positive relationships with depression [136–148].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [130]
The Results sections report that religious involvement is associated with greater gratitude and that gratitude moderates the effect of financial strain on depressive symptoms. They do not report an inverse relationship between religious involvement and depression, or the claimed tally of 178 studies, 119 inverse findings, and 13 positive findings (searched for those numbers and for methodological rigor). Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong the 10 highest quality studies on R/S and forgiveness, seven (70%) reported greater forgiveness among more R/S.
“Among the 10 highest quality studies, seven (70%) reported greater forgiveness among the more R/S [116–119], a finding that recent research has supported [120].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [118]
The Religious Influences on Gratitude and Results sections address religious involvement, gratitude, and depressive symptoms, not forgiveness. Searches for forgiveness and for the seven-of-ten figure found no passage addressing the cited claim; the paper also does not substantiate the sentence’s assertion that recent research supports that finding. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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- Authors
- Krause, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krause, Neal
- ORCID
- Krause, Neal
- Venue
- International Journal for the Psychology of Religion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-06-23
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155-172
- ISSN
- 1050-8619 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7582
- PMC
- PMC2843928
- OpenAlex
- W2011458583
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 4.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal for the Psychology of Religion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG009221, R01AG014749)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- gratitude, depressive symptoms, financial stress, church attendance, religious involvement, older adults, moderation, longitudinal change
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