The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation
Open accessAbstract
Across three separate experiments, I find that exposure to negative political information continues to shape attitudes even after the information has been effectively discredited. I call these effects “belief echoes.” Results suggest that belief echoes can be created through an automatic or deliberative process. Belief echoes occur even when the misinformation is corrected immediately, the “gold standard” of journalistic fact-checking. The existence of belief echoes raises ethical concerns about journalists’ and fact-checking organizations’ efforts to publicly correct false claims.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098 · Cited by 4,583
Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk
Berinsky, A. J., Huber, G. A., & Lenz, G. S. (2012) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpr057 · Cited by 4,008
Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100612451018 · Cited by 2,920
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.101 · Cited by 2,112
Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions
Bartels, L. M. (2002) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1021226224601 · Cited by 1,468
Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2365 · Cited by 1,300
Ross, L., Lepper, M. R., & Hubbard, M. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.5.880 · Cited by 1,052
Population-Based Survey Experiments
Mutz, D. C. (2011) · doi:10.1515/9781400840489 · Cited by 674
Sources of the continued influence effect: when misinformation in memory affects later inferences
Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1420 · Cited by 560
Research works printed but not linked: 36
- 10.2307/2132187 · DOI
- Amazeen M., 2013, New America Foundation Media Policy Initiative Research Paper
- 10.1037/h0077720 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1521/soco.1985.3.3.235 · DOI
- Berinsky A. J., 2012, Rumors, truths, and reality: A study of political misinformation
- 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00504.x · DOI
- Carr S., 2012, Columbia Journalism Review.
- 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00935.x · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00608.x · DOI
- 10.1037/xap0000028 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.3758/s13421-013-0358-x · DOI · Paper page
- 10.3758/s13423-011-0065-1 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.3758/MC.38.8.1087 · DOI · Paper page
- Fazio R. H., 1995, Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences
- 10.1111/jcom.12038 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.12.004 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.221 · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.221 · Paper page
- Graves, L. (in press). Deciding what's true: The fact-checking movement in American journalism . New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
- Gurevitch M., 1990, Democracy and the mass media
- 10.1080/15348421003738769 · DOI
- 10.1093/poq/nft080 · DOI
- 10.1177/0002716298560001011 · DOI
- 10.1111/0022-3816.00033 · DOI · Paper page
- Ladd J. M., 2012, Why Americans hate the media and how it matters, 10.1515/9781400840359 · DOI · Paper page
- Lodge M., 2011, Cambridge handbook of experimental political science
- Lodge M., 2006, Feeling politics
- 10.1016/j.jesp.2003.07.008 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2202/1540-8884.1354 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Nyhan B., 2015, American Journal of Political Science
- 10.1016/S0079-7421(02)80009-3 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1177/0146167202282008 · DOI
- 10.1080/08913811.2013.843872 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1080/15205430903470532 · DOI
- 10.2307/1958364 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1007/s11127-007-9204-7 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Understanding Conspiracy Theories
Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12568 · Cited by 1,511
The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N., Kendeou, P., Vraga, E. K., & Amazeen, M. A. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y · Cited by 1,372
The Nature and Origins of Misperceptions: Understanding False and Unsupported Beliefs About Politics
Flynn, D. J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2017) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12394 · Cited by 1,183
Political communication in a high-choice media environment: a challenge for democracy?
Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., Aalberg, T., Esser, F., de Vreese, C., Matthes, J., Hopmann, D., Salgado, S., Hubé, N., Stępińska, A., et al. (2017) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551 · Cited by 974
The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence
Wood, T., & Porter, E. (2019) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9443-y · Cited by 904
Metadata
- Authors
- Thorson, E.
- Venue
- Political Communication
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-11-19
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 460-480
- ISSN
- 1058-4609 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-7675
- OpenAlex
- W1482406218
- Cited by
- 624
- References
- 9
- FWCI
- 64.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187
- The paper
- Thorson, E. (2016). Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation. Political Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
