The Elusive Backfire Effect: Mass Attitudes’ Steadfast Factual Adherence
Open accessIntegrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is mixed research regarding whether corrections may actually increase belief in the original misinformation or in other misleading claims that fail to get corrected.
“Moreover, there is mixed research regarding whether corrections may actually increase belief in the original misinformation 121,124-126 or in other misleading claims that fail to get corrected 127 .”
From Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response (2020) · cites this paper as [126]
The negative influence/backfire effect is elusive, with limited relevance for politics outside the laboratory; while we may be less influenced by political opponents, we are unlikely to be negatively influenced by them.
“This has brought researchers to conclude that negative influence effect is elusive, with limited relevance for politics outside the laboratory (88, 90, 93–95): while we may be less influenced by our political opponents, we are unlikely to be negatively influenced by them.”
From How digital media drive affective polarization through partisan sorting (2022) · cites this paper as [90]
Cites
The weirdest people in the world?
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0999152x · Cited by 12,641 · see citing works
The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion
Zaller, J. R. (1992) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511818691 · Cited by 7,785 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Developing counter-arguments would be unusually effortful, as sophisticated respondents can simply filter out, rather than counterargue, unwelcome facts (Zaller 1992).”
BackgroundThe Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion.
Kenski, H. C., & Zaller, J. R. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074664 · Cited by 5,212 · see citing works
Eulau, H. H. F. (1960) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1952653 · Cited by 4,749 · see citing works
Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098 · Cited by 4,583 · see citing works
Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x · Cited by 4,344 · see citing works
WEIRD languages have misled us, too
Majid, A., & Levinson, S. C. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1000018x · Cited by 4,169 · see citing works
Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.293 · Cited by 3,991 · see citing works
When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions
Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2010) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2 · Cited by 3,173 · see citing works
Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial
Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2365 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
The nature of belief systems in mass publics (1964)
Converse, P. E. (2006) · Critical Review · doi:10.1080/08913810608443650 · Cited by 1,173 · see citing works
Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure
Stroud, N. J. (2008) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9 · Cited by 1,154 · see citing works
Coppock, A., & McClellan, O. A. (2019) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168018822174 · Cited by 987 · see citing works
Carmines, E. G., & Stimson, J. A. (1980) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1955648 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Redlawsk, D. P. (2002) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00161 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
Ideology: Its Resurgence in Social, Personality, and Political Psychology
Jost, J. T., Nosek, B. A., & Gosling, S. D. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00070.x · Cited by 920 · see citing works
The Role of Partisan Stereotypes in Information Processing about Political Candidates
Rahn, W. M. (1993) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2111381 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Effects of need for cognition on message evaluation, recall, and persuasion.
Cacioppo, J., Petty, R., & Morris, K. J. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.805 · Cited by 899 · see citing works
Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government
KAHAN, D. M., PETERS, E., DAWSON, E. C., & SLOVIC, P. (2017) · Behavioural Public Policy · doi:10.1017/bpp.2016.2 · Cited by 883 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…studies which only report a fluency effect where false claims are more easily remembered, since no corrections are randomly assigned in such designs (Sanna et al. 2002; Skurnik et al. 2005; Berinsky 2017), or five: studies where a framing effect compounds factual inaccuracy (Kahan et al. 2017).”
BackgroundExperimenting with a Democratic Ideal: Deliberative Polling and Public Opinion
Fishkin, J. S., & Luskin, R. C. (2005) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500121 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Partisan bias in factual beliefs about politics
Bullock, J. G., Gerber, A. S., Hill, S. J., & Huber, G. A. (2015) · Quarterly Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1561/100.00014074 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Belief Echoes: The Persistent Effects of Corrected Misinformation
Thorson, E. A. (2015) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2015.1102187 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
The Origins and Meaning of Liberal/Conservative Self-Identifications
Conover, P. J., & Feldman, S. (1981) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2110756 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
The Origins and Meaning of Liberal/Conservative Self-Identifications
Conover, P. J., & Feldman, S. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-11 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Rumors and Health Care Reform: Experiments in Political Misinformation
Berinsky, A. J. (2015) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123415000186 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
MISPERCEPTIONS ABOUT PERCEPTUAL BIAS
Gerber, A. S., & GREEN, D. P. (1999) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.189 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
How warnings about false claims become recommendations
Skurnik, I., Yoon, C., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/426605 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Prior, M., Sood, G., & Khanna, K. (2015) · Quarterly Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1561/100.00014127 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Irrelevant events affect voters' evaluations of government performance
Healy, A., Malhotra, N. A., & Mo, C. H. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1007420107 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Reconsidering the Rational Public: Cognition, Heuristics, and Mass Opinion
Kuklinski, J., & Quirk, P. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511805813.008 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
The Hazards of Correcting Myths About Health Care Reform
Nyhan, B. J., Reifler, J., & Ubel, P. A. (2012) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318279486b · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Processing political misinformation: comprehending the Trump phenomenon
Swire, B., Berinsky, A. J., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2017) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.160802 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Neural correlates of maintaining one’s political beliefs in the face of counterevidence
Kaplan, J., Gimbel, S. I., & Harris, S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39589 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Public opinion and heuristic processing of source cues
Mondak, J. J. (1993) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00993852 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Communication discrepancy and intent to persuade as determinants of counterargument production
Brock, T. C. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(67)90031-5 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Explorations in Political Psychology
Walker, S. G., Iyengar, S., & McGuire, W. J. (1995) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791456 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Hiscox, M. (2006) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818306060255 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Explorations in Political Psychology
(1993) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9780822396697 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The Polarizing Effect of News Media Messages About the Social Determinants of Health
Gollust, S. E., Lantz, P. M., & Ubel, P. A. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.161414 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2012) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381612000837 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
When debiasing backfires: Accessible content and accessibility experiences in debiasing hindsight.
Sanna, L. J., Schwarz, N., & Stocker, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.497 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Misinformation and Motivated Reasoning: Responses to Economic News in a Politicized Environment
Schaffner, B. F., & Roche, C. (2016) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfw043 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Trevors, G., Muis, K. R., Pekrun, R. H., Sinatra, G. M., & Winne, P. H. (2016) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2015.1136507 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Policy Legitimacy and the Supreme Court: The Sources and Contexts of Legitimation
Mondak, J. J. (1994) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/106591299404700306 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
College football, elections, and false-positive results in observational research
Fowler, A., & Montagnes, B. P. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1502615112 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Howell, W. G., & West, M. R. (2009) · Education next · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Toward a More Reliable Implementation of Ideology in Measures of Public Opinion
Wood, T., & Oliver, E. (2012) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs045 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationPolicy Legitimacy and the Supreme Court: The Sources and Contexts of Legitimation
Mondak, J. J. (1994) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.2307/448848 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nyhan, B. J., Reifler, J., Edelman, C., Passo, W., Banks, A. R., Boston, E. S. M., Brown, A., Carlson, R. G., Gummersall, K., McKinstry, L., et al. (2015) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tax-benefit microsimulation modelling in Mozambique: A feasibility study
Barnes, H., Castelo, V., Castigo, F., Cruz, A. S., Mpike, M., Noble, M., & Wright, G. (2016) · Working Paper Series · doi:10.35188/unu-wider/2016/070-6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Information and Preferences over Redistributive Policy: A Field Experiment
Barnes, L., Feller, A., Haselswerdt, J., & Porter, E. V. (2014) · Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSugarman, Jason Ashley, (born 1969), QC 2017
(2017) · Who's Who · doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u288703 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response
Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z · Cited by 4,964 · see citing works
Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization
Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W., Bumpus, J. P., Chen, H., Hunzaker, M. B. F., Lee, J., Mann, M., Merhout, F., & Volfovsky, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1804840115 · Cited by 1,863 · see citing works
The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions
Bennett, W., & Livingston, S. (2018) · European Journal of Communication · doi:10.1177/0267323118760317 · Cited by 1,317 · see citing works
The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction
Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N., Kendeou, P., Vraga, E. K., & Amazeen, M. A. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y · Cited by 1,372 · see citing works
Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007 · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
Public health and online misinformation: challenges and recommendations
Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2020) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094127 · Cited by 1,170 · see citing works
Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change
van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., Rosenthal, S., & Maibach, E. (2017) · Global Challenges · doi:10.1002/gch2.201600008 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news
Scheufele, D. A., & Krause, N. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1805871115 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
The evidence for motivated reasoning in climate change preference formation
Druckman, J. N., & McGrath, M. C. (2019) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0360-1 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Pennycook, G., Bear, A., Collins, E., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2019.3478 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Jones-Jang, S. M., Mortensen, T., & Liu, J. (2021) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219869406 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Misinformation: susceptibility, spread, and interventions to immunize the public
van der Linden, S. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01713-6 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Using Expert Sources to Correct Health Misinformation in Social Media
Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2017) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547017731776 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Online misinformation about climate change
Treen, K. M. D., Williams, H. T. P., & O’Neill, S. J. (2020) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.665 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Nyhan, B. J., Porter, E. V., Reifler, J., & Wood, T. (2019) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-019-09528-x · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Self-citationThe diffusion of misinformation on social media: Temporal pattern, message, and source
Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll, K., & Bar, F. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.008 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Does Counter-Attitudinal Information Cause Backlash? Results from Three Large Survey Experiments
Guess, A., & Coppock, A. (2020) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123418000327 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Social Media, Echo Chambers, and Political Polarization
Barberá, P. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.004 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Searching for the backfire effect: Measurement and design considerations.
Swire-Thompson, B., DeGutis, J., & Lazer, D. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Hameleers, M., & van der Meer, T. G. L. A. (2019) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650218819671 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Long-term effectiveness of inoculation against misinformation: Three longitudinal experiments.
Maertens, R., Roozenbeek, J., Basol, M., & van der Linden, S. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000315 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Hahl, O., Kim, M., & Zuckerman, E. W. (2018) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122417749632 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Misinformation During a Pandemic
Bursztyn, L., Rao, A., Roth, C., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27417 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
How digital media drive affective polarization through partisan sorting
Törnberg, P. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2207159119 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Why the backfire effect does not explain the durability of political misperceptions
Nyhan, B. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1912440117 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Hameleers, M., Powell, T. E., Van Der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Bos, L. (2020) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2019.1674979 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
The gateway belief model: a large-scale replication
van der Linden, S., Leiserowitz, A., & Maibach, E. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.01.009 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Anti-Intellectualism, Populism, and Motivated Resistance to Expert Consensus
Merkley, E. (2019) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfz053 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Jerit, J., & Zhao, Y. (2020) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032814 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Does information change attitudes toward immigrants?
Grigorieff, A., Roth, C., & Ubfal, D. (2020) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-020-00882-8 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Facts and Myths about Misperceptions
Nyhan, B. J. (2020) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.34.3.220 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Porter, E. V., & Wood, T. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2104235118 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationNews media literacy and conspiracy theory endorsement
Craft, S., Ashley, S., & Maksl, A. (2017) · Communication and the Public · doi:10.1177/2057047317725539 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Freiling, I., Krause, N. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Brossard, D. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211011451 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Rural and Urban Differences in COVID‐19 Prevention Behaviors
Callaghan, T., Lueck, J. A., Trujillo, K. L., & Ferdinand, A. O. (2021) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12556 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
The Effects of Unsubstantiated Claims of Voter Fraud on Confidence in Elections
Berlinski, N., Doyle, M., Guess, A., Levy, G., Lyons, B. A., Montgomery, J., Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Political Science · doi:10.1017/xps.2021.18 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Mena, P. (2019) · Policy & Internet · doi:10.1002/poi3.214 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Hameleers, M. (2020) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2020.1764603 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Timing matters when correcting fake news
Brashier, N. M., Pennycook, G., Berinsky, A. J., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2020043118 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Bryanov, K., & Vziatysheva, V. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253717 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Political Psychology in the Digital (mis)Information age: A Model of News Belief and Sharing
Van Bavel, J. J., Harris, E. A., Pärnamets, P., Rathje, S., Doell, K. C., & Tucker, J. A. (2021) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12077 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Misinformation, Disinformation, and Online Propaganda
Guess, A. M., & Lyons, B. A. (2020) · Social Media and Democracy · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.003 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Social learning and partisan bias in the interpretation of climate trends
Guilbeault, D., Becker, J., & Centola, D. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1722664115 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Facts, alternative facts, and fact checking in times of post-truth politics
Barrera, O., Guriev, S., Henry, E., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2020) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104123 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Scaling up fact-checking using the wisdom of crowds
Allen, J., Arechar, A. A., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf4393 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
An Analysis of the Interaction Between Intelligent Software Agents and Human Users
Burr, C., Cristianini, N., & Ladyman, J. (2018) · Minds and Machines · doi:10.1007/s11023-018-9479-0 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Political Attitudes and the Processing of Misinformation Corrections
Ecker, U. K. H., & Ang, L. C. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12494 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The effectiveness of short‐format refutational fact‐checks
Ecker, U. K. H., O’Reilly, Z., Reid, J. S., & Chang, E. P. (2019) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12383 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Creating News Literacy Messages to Enhance Expert Corrections of Misinformation on Twitter
Vraga, E. K., Bode, L., & Tully, M. (2020) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650219898094 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Maertens, R., Anseel, F., & van der Linden, S. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101455 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Detecting fake news for reducing misinformation risks using analytics approaches
Zhang, C., Gupta, A., Kauten, C., Deokar, A. V., & Qin, X. (2019) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2019.06.022 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Vraga, E. K., Kim, S. C., & Cook, J. (2019) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2019.1653102 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Addressing COVID-19 Misinformation on Social Media Preemptively and Responsively
Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2021) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2702.203139 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Educative Interventions to Combat Misinformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in India
Badrinathan, S. (2021) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055421000459 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Becker, J. A., Porter, E. V., & Centola, D. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1817195116 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationEcker, U. K. H., & Antonio, L. (2021) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01129-y · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Beyond (Mis)Representation: Visuals in COVID-19 Misinformation
Brennen, J. S., Simon, F. M., & Nielsen, R. K. (2021) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161220964780 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Fighting misperceptions and doubting journalists’ objectivity: A review of fact-checking literature
Nieminen, S., & Rapeli, L. (2019) · Political Studies Review · doi:10.1177/1478929918786852 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Bimber, B., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2020) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444819893980 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Misinformation During a PandemicPreprint
Bursztyn, L., Rao, A., Roth, C., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3580487 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
(Why) Is Misinformation a Problem?
Adams, Z., Osman, M., Bechlivanidis, C., & Meder, B. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221141344 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
How Research Affects Policy: Experimental Evidence from 2,150 Brazilian Municipalities
Hjort, J., Moreira, D., Rao, G., & Santini, J. F. (2021) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20190830 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Roozenbeek, J., Culloty, E., & Suiter, J. (2023) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000492 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Kerr, J. R., Freeman, A. L. J., Marteau, T. M., & van der Linden, S. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9040379 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Reynolds, J., Stautz, K., Pilling, M., van der Linden, S., & Marteau, T. (2020) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.190522 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Reducing opinion polarization: Effects of exposure to similar people with differing political views
Balietti, S., Getoor, L. C., Goldstein, D. G., & Watts, D. J. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2112552118 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Persily, N., Tucker, J. A., Guess, A. M., Lyons, B. A., Barberá, P., Siegel, A. A., Woolley, S., Fowler, E. F., Franz, M. M., Ridout, T. N., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Jiang, S., & Wilson, C. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274351 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The COVID-19 Misinfodemic: Moving Beyond Fact-Checking
Chou, W. S., Gaysynsky, A., & Vanderpool, R. C. (2020) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198120980675 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
When and How Different Motives Can Drive Motivated Political Reasoning
Bayes, R., Druckman, J. N., Goods, A., & Molden, D. C. (2020) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12663 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Fake news agenda in the era of COVID-19: Identifying trends through fact-checking content
Ceron, W., de‐Lima‐Santos, M., & Quiles, M. G. (2020) · Online Social Networks and Media · doi:10.1016/j.osnem.2020.100116 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
van der Linden, S. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.01.005 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Evaluation of a template for countering misinformation—Real-world Autism treatment myth debunking
Paynter, J. M., Luskin-Saxby, S., Keen, D., Fordyce, K., Frost, G., Imms, C., Miller, S., Trembath, D. L., Tucker, M. N., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210746 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Siegel, A. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108890960.005 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Phillips, W., & Milner, R. M. (2021) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/12436.001.0001 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
What’s Next? Six Observations for the Future of Political Misinformation Research
Weeks, B. E., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2019) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219878236 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Allen, J., Martel, C., & Rand, D. (2021) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3502040 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Van Bavel, J. J., Robertson, C. E., del Rosario, K., Rasmussen, J., & Rathje, S. (2024) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-022123-110258 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Understanding and combating misperceived polarization
Lees, J., & Cikara, M. (2021) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B · doi:10.1098/rstb.2020.0143 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Science beliefs, political ideology, and cognitive sophistication.
Pennycook, G., Bagó, B., & McPhetres, J. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001267 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Bayes, R., Bolsen, T., & Druckman, J. N. (2020) · Environmental Communication · doi:10.1080/17524032.2020.1805343 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation
Morrow, G., Swire-Thompson, B., Polny, J., Kopec, M., & Wihbey, J. (2020) · J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol. · doi:10.1002/asi.24637 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Why So Serious?: Survey Trolls and MisinformationPreprint
Lopez, J., & Hillygus, D. S. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3131087 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
A Note on Increases in Inattentive Online Survey-Takers Since 2020
Ternovski, J., Orr, L., Kalla, J., & Aronow, P. M. (2022) · Journal of Quantitative Description Digital Media · doi:10.51685/jqd.2022.002 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Gruffydd-Jones, J. J. (2018) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414018784066 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Modeling the emergence of affective polarization in the social media society
Törnberg, P., Andersson, C., Lindgren, K., & Banisch, S. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258259 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Broockman, D., & Kalla, J. (2024) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/730725 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Benedictis-Kessner, J. D., Baum, M., Berinsky, A. J., & Yamamoto, T. (2019) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055419000418 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Hughes, B., Miller‐Idriss, C., Piltch-Loeb, R. N., White, K., Creizis, M., Cain, C., & Savoia, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147556 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Interventions to Mitigate COVID-19 Misinformation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Janmohamed, K., Walter, N., Nyhan, K., Khoshnood, K., Tucker, J. D., Sangngam, N., Altice, F. L., Ding, Q., Wong, A., Schwitzky, Z. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2021.2021460 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Kirchner, J., & Reuter, C. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3415211 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Asymmetric adjustment: Partisanship and correcting misinformation on Facebook
Jennings, J. T., & Stroud, N. J. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211021720 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Misperceived Social Norms and Willingness to Act Against Climate Change
Andre, P., Boneva, T., Chopra, F., & Falk, A. (2024) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01468 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Aird, M. J., Ecker, U. K. H., Swire‐Thompson, B., Berinsky, A. J., & Lewandowsky, S. (2018) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.180593 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ciampaglia, G. L. (2017) · Journal of Computational Social Science · doi:10.1007/s42001-017-0005-6 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Vraga, E. K., Bode, L., & Tully, M. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1910165 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Beliefs about public debt and the demand for government spending
Roth, C., Settele, S., & Wohlfart, J. (2021) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.011 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Lee, J., & Shin, S. Y. (2022) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2021.2007489 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Greifeneder, R., Jaffé, M. E., Newman, E. J., & Schwarz, N. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429295379 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Bode, L., Vraga, E. K., & Tully, M. (2020) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547020981375 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wood, T., & Porter, E.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wood, Thomas
- Venue
- Political Behavior
- Published
- 2018-01-16
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 135-163
- ISSN
- 0190-9320 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6687
- OpenAlex
- W3126124149
- Cited by
- 904
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 96 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 15
- FWCI
- 138.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Political Behavior (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- The Cato Institute (ID0EMTAG524)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Keywords
- backfire effect, factual information, partisan attitudes, fact-checking, political polarization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
