A model of dual attitudes.

Wilson, Timothy D.; Lindsey, Samuel; Schooler, Tonya Y.

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.101

Cited by 2,112Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingBehavioral Health and Interventions

A model of dual attitudes.

Wilson, Timothy D., Lindsey, Samuel, Schooler, Tonya Y.·2000·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.101

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Abstract

When an attitude changes from A1 to A2, what happens to A1? Most theories assume, at least implicitly, that the new attitude replaces the former one. The authors argue that a new attitude can override, but not replace, the old one, resulting in dual attitudes. Dual attitudes are defined as different evaluations of the same attitude object: an automatic, implicit attitude and an explicit attitude. The attitude that people endorse depends on whether they have the cognitive capacity to retrieve the explicit attitude and whether this overrides their implicit attitude. A number of literatures consistent with these hypotheses are reviewed, and the implications of the dual-attitude model for attitude theory and measurement are discussed. For example, by including only explicit measures, previous studies may have exaggerated the ease with which people change their attitudes. Even if an explicit attitude changes, an implicit attitude can remain the same.

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“More generally, there are many cases where two cognitive states with opposite content do not lead to any negative affect—a topic widely discussed both in philosophy and in psychology.”
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Even consciously egalitarian people may hold negative ethnic and racial stereotypes and attitudes of which they may not be fully conscious.
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Application of stereotypes by health care providers frequently occurs outside conscious awareness.
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From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [31]
Unconscious biases are habits of mind, learned over time through repeated personal experiences and cultural socialization, and are highly resistant to change.
“as unconscious biases are “habits of mind”,31,45 learned over time through repeated personal experiences and cultural socialization, they are highly resistant to change.46”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [31]

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Authors: Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y.
Affiliations: University of Virginia (US)
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 107
Issue: 1
Pages: 101-126
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.101
OpenAlex: W2085169214
Cited by: 2,112
References: 184
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 128 · 2013: 97 · 2012: 103
FWCI: 165.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (41841)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords: implicit attitudes, explicit attitudes, attitude change, attitude measurement, attitude theory
MeSH terms: Affect, Attitude, Humans, Motivation, Object Attachment, Prejudice

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