A Scholarly Definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI): Advancing AI as a Conceptual Framework in Communication Research

Gil de Zúñiga, Homero; Goyanes, Manuel; Durotoye, Timilehin

doi:10.1080/10584609.2023.2290497

Cited by 198Artificial Intelligence ApplicationsEthics and Social Impacts of AIMedia Studies and Communication

A Scholarly Definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI): Advancing AI as a Conceptual Framework in Communication Research

Gil de Zúñiga, Homero, Goyanes, Manuel, Durotoye, Timilehin·2024·Political Communication

DOI 10.1080/10584609.2023.2290497

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Abstract

Research on Artificial Intelligence (AI) in communication research is gaining broader interest. This interdisciplinary interest has yet to be supported by a systematic scholarly definition and by a holistic theoretical framework in communication research. First, combining prior theoretical efforts from diverse disciplines in the social sciences, especially journalism and communication, this study introduces a wide-ranging working AI scholarly definition in communication research as the tangible real-world capability of non-human machines or artificial entities to perform, task solve, communicate, interact, and act logically as it occurs with biological humans. We also propose its theoretical operationalization based on two dimensions: level of performance and level of autonomy, advancing an elementary conceptual framework drawing on AI’s levels of potential actions or performance the AI may accomplish, including 1) performing tasks, 2) taking decisions, and 3) making predictions; as well as AI’s level of autonomy, or the agency results contingent on the degrees of human input, interaction, or supervision involved.

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Understanding Customer Responses to AI-Driven Personalized Journeys: Impacts on the Customer Experience
Hardcastle, K., Larsen, L. V., & Brown, D. M. (2025) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2025.2460985 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
AI and memory
Hoskins, A. (2024) · Memory, Mind & Media · doi:10.1017/mem.2024.16 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
How sociodemographic factors relate to trust in artificial intelligence among students in Poland and the United Kingdom
Kozak, J., & Fel, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80305-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Thematic analysis of interview data with ChatGPT: designing and testing a reliable research protocol for qualitative research
Goyanes, M., Lopezosa, C., & Jordá, B. (2025) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-025-02199-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citation
Teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) as a precursor to their perceived adopting of educational AI tools for teaching purposes
Oved, O., & Alt, D. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13371-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The paradigm of digital health: AI applications and transformative trends
Rashid, Z., Ahmed, H., Nadeem, N., Zafar, S. B., & Yousaf, M. Z. (2025) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11081-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Factors influencing educators' AI adoption: A grounded meta-analysis review
Taheri, R., Nazemi, N., Pennington, S. E., Clark, J. A., & Dadgostari, F. (2025) · Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100464 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Addressing student use of generative AI in schools and universities through academic integrity reporting
Peterson, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1610836 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The human-AI dyad: Navigating the new frontier of entrepreneurial discourse
Jeremiah, F. (2024) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2024.103529 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
How Autonomy of Artificial Intelligence Technology and User Agency Influence AI Perceptions and Attitudes: Applying the Theory of Psychological Reactance
Oh, J., Nah, S., & Yang, Z. D. (2025) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2025.2485319 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Visioning a two-level human–machine communication framework: initiating conversations between explainable AI and communication
Xu, K., & Shi, J. J. (2024) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtae016 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bridging the AI gap: Comparative analysis of AI integration, education, and outreach in academic libraries
Buitrago, J., Samokishyn, M., Moylan, R., Pérez, J. H., Bakare-Fatungase, O. D., & Firdawsi, C. (2025) · IFLA Journal · doi:10.1177/03400352251325274 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
AI as a Co-researcher in the Qualitative Research Workflow: Transforming Human-AI Collaboration
Costa, A. P., Bryda, G., Christou, P., & Kasperiūnienė, J. (2025) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069251383739 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Scale of Artificial Intelligence Literacy for all (SAIL4ALL): A Tool for Assessing Knowledge on Artificial Intelligence in All Adult Populations and Settings
Soto-Sanfiel, M. T., Angulo-Brunet, A., & Lutz, C. (2024) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/bvyku · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Thematic Analysis of Interview Data with ChatGPT: Designing and Testing a Reliable Research Protocol for Qualitative ResearchPreprint
Goyanes, M., Lopezosa, C., & Jordá, B. (2024) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/8mr2f · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Transforming the value chain of local journalism with artificial intelligence
Wilczek, B., Haim, M., & Thurman, N. (2024) · AI Magazine · doi:10.1002/aaai.12174 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Leadership for artificial intelligence use in schools: A six-domain framework for ethical, equitable, and effective integration
DeMatthews, D. E., Reyes, P., Hart, T. D., & James, L. D. (2026) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432261418940 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Science communication in the digital age: Trends, gaps, and interdisciplinary opportunities
Phogat, P., Rab, S., & Wan, M. (2025) · Information Services & Use · doi:10.1177/18758789251342896 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
AI Transparency: A Conceptual, Normative, and Practical Frame Analysis
Sebastião, S., & Dias, D. (2025) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.9419 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Exploring the Challenges of Generative AI on Public Sector Communication in Europe
Lovari, A., & Rosa, F. D. (2025) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.9644 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Evaluating AI-driven characters in extended reality (XR) healthcare simulations: A systematic review
Dasa, D., Michèle Board, Rolfe, U. T., Dolby, T., & Tang, W. Y. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2025.103270 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
From AI imaginaries to AI literacy
Sūna, L., & Hoffmann, D. (2024) · MedieKultur Journal of media and communication research · doi:10.7146/mk.v40i76.137144 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Can AI-generated news reduce hostile media perceptions? Findings from two experiments
Huh, E., Kubin, E., & von Sikorski, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2025.1484186 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
ChatGPT en Ciencias Sociales: revisión de la literatura sobre el uso de inteligencia artificial (IA) de OpenAI en investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa
Goyanes, M., & Lopezosa, C. (2024) · Anuario ThinkEPI · doi:10.3145/thinkepi.2024.e18a04 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Who interacts with communicative AI and what attitudes are displayed toward it? Sociodemographic, personality, and futurephobia variables
Centeno-Martín, H., Toledano-Buendía, S., & Ardévol-Abreu, A. (2023) · Anuario ThinkEPI · doi:10.3145/epi.2023.sep.02 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
How is artificial intelligence shaping crisis communication? A systematic review and future research agenda
Cheng, Y., Li, J., Lee, J., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2025.2579317 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
AI tools and fashion design education: instructor perspectives on student challenges and design process tool support
An, H., & Park, M. (2026) · Fashion and Textiles · doi:10.1186/s40691-025-00452-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The scale of artificial intelligence literacy for all (SAIL4ALL): assessing knowledge of artificial intelligence in all adult populations
Soto-Sanfiel, M. T., Angulo-Brunet, A., & Lutz, C. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05978-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Yapay Zekâ ve Etik: Yeni Medyanın Dönüşümünde Sorumluluk ve Sınırlar
Abdülhakim Bahadır, D. A. R. I., & Koçyiğit, A. (2024) · International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences · doi:10.59534/jcss.1492948 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Digital synergy for hospitality sustainability: a moderated mediation model of IoT, data-driven decision-making, AI, and hotel sustainable performance
Abdou, A. H., & Shehata, H. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Sustainability · doi:10.3389/frsus.2025.1727952 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Disinformation in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI): Implications for Journalism and Mass Communication
von Sikorski, C., & Hameleers, M. (2025) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990251375097 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence in academic practices and policy discourses across ‘Big 5’ publishers
Lendvai, G. F., & Petra, A. (2026) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.1093/reseval/rvag004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social Biases in AI-Generated Creative Texts: A Mixed-Methods Approach in the Spanish Context
Campos, M. A. G., Ayensa, J. I. B., & Padilla-Martínez, A. (2025) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci14030170 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
AI on the Front Lines: A Primer for the Military Health Professional
Riggenbach, Z. W., Eaton, J. V., Kelly, A. A., Kim, H. E., & Bingham, J. R. (2025) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaf165 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Enabling Sustainable Learning Through Virtual Robotics Machine Mediation of Social Interactions Between Teachers, Students, and Machines Based on Sociology Lens
Yakin, A. M. A., Cardoso, L., Matari, A. S. A., Muthmainnah, M., & Obaid, A. J. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63717-9_4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
AI Tools in LIS Research: Navigating Opportunities and Challenges for Scholarly Advancement
Maurya, A., & Sinha, P. (2024) · The Serials Librarian · doi:10.1080/0361526x.2024.2400719 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence techniques applications in the wastewater: A comprehensive review
Zakur, Y. A., Márquez, F. P. G., Al-taie, A. H. S., Alsaidi, S. A. A. A., Alsadoon, A., Mirashrafi, S. B., Flaih, L. R., & Zakoor, Y. A. (2025) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202560503006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Types, methods, and evaluations of artificial intelligence (AI) in public communication research in the early phases of adoption: a systematic review
Lock, I., Hoffmann, L. B., Burgers, C. F., & Araujo, T. (2025) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1093/anncom/wlaf005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Helpful or Hurtful: Legacy Magazine Journalism Wrestles with the Advent of AI Technology in Newsrooms
Pitluk, A., Wilson, J., & Inman, J. (2025) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2025.2458608 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Harnessing artificial intelligence by embedding advanced analytics and modelling techniques into risk management processes
Mokoena, P. B. (2025) · Risk Management and Insurance Review · doi:10.1111/rmir.70006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Innovative solutions to fashion’s biggest problems – the impact of artificial intelligence on solutions for Sustainable Development Goals 9 and 12. A case study from London College of Fashion
Rockett, E. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Management · doi:10.1108/ijem-12-2024-0853 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in Public Relations and Strategic Communication: Organizational, Technological, and Environmental Determinants of Adoption in Agency Contexts
Koa, M., Naser, H. A., & Ayyoub, A. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251389267 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Exploring Chinese university design students’ continuance intention to use generative AI: a two‑stage SEM–ANN analysis
Bao, Q., Wang, B., Liang, N., & Wang, J. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13872-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reporting AI in Political Disinformation: Journalistic Discourses in European Quality Newspapers
Rivas-de-Roca, R., Pérez-Curiel, C., & Casero-Ripollés, A. (2025) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2025.2505961 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence and value-based strategy: a literature review and future research directions
Islami, X., Mulolli, E., & Mustafa, N. (2025) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-025-00549-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
AI and disabled people’s independent living: a framework for analysis
Mladenov, T. (2025) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02642-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Towards a Human-Centred Artificial Intelligence in the Age of Industry 5.0: A Cross-Country Analysis
Mamad, M., & Chichi, O. (2024) · International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM) · doi:10.1109/wincom62286.2024.10655038 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Myopic memory: Capitalism's new continuity in the age of AI
Pilkington, D. (2024) · Memory Mind & Media · doi:10.1017/mem.2024.21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
REASSESSING LEGAL RECOGNITION OF AI: HUMAN DIGNITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF AI AS A LEGAL SUBJECT IN INDONESIA
Disemadi, H. S., & Sudirman, L. (2025) · MASALAH-MASALAH HUKUM · doi:10.14710/mmh.54.1.2025.1-12 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leadership in the Digital Age: Leveraging AI-Enhanced Training for Peak Performance
Xiao, L., Lo, Y. T., Wu, T., Thoo, A. C., & He, T. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3949-6_14 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
From AI adoption to underperformance? Investigating the impact of interactive AI tools on student outcomes in higher education
Castro-Lopez, A., El Abed, M., Cervero, A., & Álvarez-Blanco, L. (2026) · European Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/21568235.2026.2620686 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Scoping Review on AI Integration in Engineering Education and its Impact on Students' Critical Thinking
Zarandi, F. M., Martin, M., Wei, S., & Reeping, D. P. (2025) · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) · doi:10.1109/fie63693.2025.11328196 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mapping AI’s Impact on MarCom: A Multifaceted Strategic Framework Through Literature Analysis
Komodromos, M., Vassiliou, M., Masouras, A. N., Papalexandris, S., & Anastasiadou, S. (2026) · Journal of Global Marketing · doi:10.1080/08911762.2026.2679112 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A guide to understanding big data for the nurse scientist: A discursive paper
Duah, H. O., Boch, S. J., Arter, S., Nidey, N., & Lambert, J. (2024) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.12648 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence and the Transformation in Political Communication and Campaigns
Atar, N. (2024) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7235-7.ch019 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The future is bright: artificial intelligence for trainee medical officers in Australia and New Zealand
Kovoor, J. G., Smallbone, H., Jenkins, A., Stretton, B., Santhosh, S., Jacobsen, J. H. W., Gupta, A. K., Zaka, A., Nann, S. D., Jiang, M., et al. (2024) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.16518 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Usage in Communication Field: An Analysis on Communication Journals
KAVUT, S. (2024) · Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.31123/akil.1541248 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in Islamic Religious Education: Balancing Learning Efficiency And Safeguarding Spiritual Integrity In Indonesian Higher Education
Kahfi, N. S., Reyza, F. A., Arrosikha, M., Nasrullah, M., & Aisyah, N. H. (2025) · INJECT (Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication) · doi:10.18326/inject.v10i1.4325 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Investigating the Challenges and Opportunities of Implementing AI and Automation in Small Businesses
Amponsah, B. K., Adanuvor, S. Y., Manso, J. F., Buame, R., & Arhin, E. O. (2025) · Intelligent Control and Automation · doi:10.4236/ica.2025.162003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Impacto y adopción de la Inteligencia Artificial en la comunicación organizacional en Chile y España
Muñoz, C. F., & Muena, R. P. (2025) · Revista de Comunicación · doi:10.26441/rc24.2-2025-3899 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
YEREL YÖNETİMLERDE YAPAY ZEKÂ, DİJİTALLEŞME VE ETİK YÖNETİŞİM: BARSELONA, ŞANGHAY VE ANKARA KENTLERİ ÜZERİNDEN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ANALİZ
Tuğaç, Ç. (2025) · Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.35379/cusosbil.1683790 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Intelligent justice: AI-driven forensics and legal process for criminal justice reforms
Srivastav, S., Shruti, K., Agarwal, D., Soni, P., & Singh, R. (2026) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2026.100832 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A GenAI-driven risk management framework for sustainable development projects
Mohamed, M. A. H., Al-Mhdawi, M. K. S., Ojiako, U., Qazi, A. J., Mahammedi, C., & Dacre, N. (2026) · Project Leadership and Society · doi:10.1016/j.plas.2026.100217 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Socioeconomic disparities in AI awareness: examining the mediating roles of AI usage and familiarity
Wang, S., 周天伦, & Liu, X. (2026) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2026.2652505 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Generative AI's Impacts on the Environment: What Can Critical Humanities Scholarship Offer Sociological Inquiry?
Lupton, D. A. (2026) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.70195 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adoption of Artificial Intelligence and SME Performance in Digital Ecosystems
Filip, A., Stancu, A., Alniacik, U., Catană, Ș.-A., & Nastasa, A. C. (2026) · Amfiteatru Economic · doi:10.24818/ea/2026/72/451 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
AI Literacy Scale for Undergraduate Design Students: Development and Validation
Lin, S., & Tan, Z. (2026) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440261463131 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pazarlamada Yapay Zekâ
Aktaş, M., & Çavuşoğlu, S. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub398.c1662 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Twitter Communication Among Democracy Actors: How Interacting With Journalists and Elected Officials Influence People’s Government Performance Assessment and Trust
de Zúñiga, H. G., Goyanes, M., & Díaz, A. M. (2024) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051241232907 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Evaluación del uso ético de ChatGPT en investigación científica: principales tendencias, mejores prácticas y desafíos identificados
Lopezosa, C., & Goyanes, M. (2024) · Anuario ThinkEPI · doi:10.3145/thinkepi.2024.e18a19 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Examining Attitudes of Turkish Pre-Service Teachers Towards Artificial Intelligence
Ata, R., & Alpaslan, M. M. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98003-9_4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Welcome to the Brave New World: Lay Definitions of AI at Work and in Daily Life
Li, W., Lu, S., Xu, S., & Zheng, X. (2025) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393251382233 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An Empirical Investigation of the Demographic Differences in Attitude Toward Femvertising: The Case of Turkey
Yurcu, M. E. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub398.c1667 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pazarlama Araştırmalarında Yapay Zeka (AI) ile Müşteri Deneyimi: Tüketici Davranışlarının Analizinde Yapay Zeka Çözümleri
Atlı, H. F. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub398.c1663 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Deneyimsel Pazarlama Kavramının Bibliyometrik Analiz ile İncelenmesi
Erdem, A. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub398.c1665 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Media, media education, GAI and radical uncertainty
Honkanen, P., & Nylund, M. (2024) · Media Education · doi:10.36253/me-16303 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Avrupa Birliği Yapay Zekâ Yasası: 2018-2024 Avrupa Komisyonu Tekliflerinde Demokrasinin Yeri
Yolcu, T., & Gülbahar, Y. (2025) · Ankara Avrupa Calismalari Dergisi · doi:10.32450/aacd.1482706 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
AI-Smart Technologies Digitally Transformed Higher Education Institutions
van Wyk, M. M. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8915-7.ch004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Qualitative Study on Integration of Artificial Intelligence Technology among Tertiary Institution Libraries in Nigeria: Opportunities and Ethical Considerations
Kotso, J. A. (2025) · Federal University Gusau Faculty of Education Journal · doi:10.64348/zije.202564 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Use of AI and the psychological well-being of youth: Time to act
Kaladharan, S., & Manayath, D. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104682 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Not a Revolution: How Artificial Intelligence is Augmenting Existing Political Communication Trends
Raynauld, V. (2025) · Journal of Media Ethics · doi:10.1080/23736992.2025.2583349 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Use in Data Analysis: A Comparison of ChatGPT and SmartPLS Outputs in PLS-SEM Analysis
Toraman, Y., & Şimşek, O. M. (2025) · Journal of Polytechnic · doi:10.2339/politeknik.1739414 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
AI Representation of African Culture: Perspectives, Challenges, and Implications for Media Studies
Ditlhokwa, G. (2025) · Future education and learning spaces · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-9251-4_7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An AI-driven framework for sustainable cultural communication: mechanisms, innovations, and synergy
Zhu, B., Yu, Y., & Xu, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2026.1745698 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence and Auditing: A Bibliometric Study
Epelbaum, N., & Farrell, P. J. (2026) · Accounting Perspectives · doi:10.1111/1911-3838.70008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mediating the post-human: cultural implications of generative AI in everyday communication
Fan, R., & Li, Y. Y. (2026) · Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory · doi:10.1007/s10588-025-09415-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hybrid intelligence: understanding how AI reframes risk and uncertainty in dementia care
Moretti, V., Consoloni, M., Miele, F., & Rubini, L. (2026) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698575.2026.2659025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Building a Contextual READINESS Model for AI‐Triggered Crises: Global Lessons From Algorithmic Exploitation in China's Food‐Delivery Platforms
Li, J., Cheng, Y., Xie, Q., & Xiao, Y. (2026) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.70157 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Ethical Concerns of Human–Computer Interface in Assistive Systems: A Systematic Survey
Ejaz, S., Ahmad, J., Shafi, I., Rehman, H. M. R. U., & Ashraf, I. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2659302 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence (AI) disruption in strategic communication: are Ghanaian professionals ready?
Anani-Bossman, A., Abeka-Daniels, M., Tandoh, I., & Tella, F. (2026) · Corporate Communications An International Journal · doi:10.1108/ccij-08-2025-0252 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Techno-bias as an AI characteristic: calibrating bias for optimal decision-making
Issa, H., & Gressieux, E. (2026) · DECISION · doi:10.1007/s40622-026-00466-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Inaccuracies, omissions, and bullshit: 2024 U.S. elections through the eyes of ChatGPT
Jang, H., McGregor, S. C., & Neill, L. (2026) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2026.2685121
From Mass Media and Social Media to AI: A Multilevel Framework for Understanding Trust in Generative AI
Suk, J., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2026.2694048 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Generative Artificial Intelligence in Research and Scholarly Communication: A Systematic Literature Review
MURALEEDHARAN, D., & Vysakh, C. (2026) · The International Information & Library Review · doi:10.1080/10572317.2026.2704164 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mapping human–AI communication in a Russian higher education context: a psychometric network analysis of AI literacy and attitudinal dispositions
Masalimova, A. R., ZHELTUKHINA, M. R., Demir, S., Molodozhnikova, N. M., Zvereva, E., Berechikidze, I. A., & Lazareva, Y. B. (2026) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2026.1888712 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence in Public Service Media: Public Perceptions of AI Adoption in Spanish and German Broadcasters
Rodríguez-Castro, M., Cañedo, A., & Goyanes, M. (2026) · Communication & Society · doi:10.15581/003.39.2.009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Tedarik Zinciri Bakış Açısıyla Şirketlerin Yeşil Aklama ile Başa Çıkma Stratejileri
Sofyalıoğlu, Ç., & Kartal, B. (2023) · Özgür Yayınları eBooks · doi:10.58830/ozgur.pub398.c1661 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ШТУЧНИЙ ІНТЕЛЕКТ І НАУКОВІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ: НОВІ ГОРИЗОНТИ МЕТОДОЛОГІЇ
Бороздих, Н., & Пономаренко, Л. (2025) · Вісник науки та освіти · doi:10.52058/2786-6165-2024-12(30)-1362-1378 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
AI in Slovak Journalism: A Threat or an Opportunity?
Mikušová, S. (2024) · Media & Marketing Identity · doi:10.34135/mmidentity-2024-50 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
100 years of communication: change and continuity in inaugural communication journals 1924–2024
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Authors: Gil de Zúñiga, H., Goyanes, M., & Durotoye, T.
Affiliations: Democracy Research Unit, Political Science, College of Law & Public Administration, University of Salamanca, Salamanca
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (ES)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
ORCID: Gil de Zúñiga, Homero
Goyanes, Manuel
Durotoye, Timilehin
Venue: Political Communication
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2023-12-06
Volume: 41
Issue: 2
Pages: 317-334
ISSN: 1058-4609 (ISSN-L)
1091-7675
DOI: 10.1080/10584609.2023.2290497
OpenAlex: W4389380302
Cited by: 198
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 82 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 11
FWCI: 18.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Political Communication (publishedVersion)
Funders: Spanish National Research Agency’s Program for the Generation of Knowledge and the Scientific and Technological Strengthening Research + Development
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
Social Sciences › Communication › Media Studies and Communication
Keywords: artificial intelligence, definition of artificial intelligence, conceptual framework, AI autonomy, AI agency, task performance, decision-making, prediction, human-AI interaction, journalism, communication research

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A Scholarly Definition of Artificial Intelligence (AI): Advancing AI as a Conceptual Framework in Communication Research

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