Disentangling trait and state psychological inflexibility: A longitudinal multilevel approach
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An individual’s trait-like thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are characteristic patterns that occur across time, whereas state-like iterations of these variables are isolated to specific moments in time. Although highly correlated, variables at the trait and state levels measure different phenomena and should be examined separately. In this longitudinal study, we examine the disaggregation of trait and state-level psychological inflexibility among college students. Specifically, we investigated which psychological inflexibility subprocess would significantly predict positive affect, negative affect, and meaningful activity, both at the trait and state-levels. In addition to pre-and post-assessments, participants ( n = 168) completed ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys ( n = 2,251) assessing each of these variables via text message three times per day over the course of a week. Results suggested that while a greater number of state-like subprocesses significantly predict negative affect, positive affect, and meaningful activity, trait-like subprocesses hold more weight. Dominance analyses showed trait-level inaction to be the most important predictor for positive and negative affect, and trait-level of lack of contact with values to be the most important predictor for meaningful activity. Differentiating trait and state variables can enable contextual behavioral scientists to better understand pathological and therapeutic processes of change.
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Experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and behavioral variables are dynamic states, while physical and emotional functioning components are relatively stable.
“The selection of variables for the T1 and T2 assessment relies on the research indicating the classification of experiential avoidance, cognitive fusion and behavioral variables as dynamic states, while highlighting the relative stability of physical and emotional functioning components [87,88,89].”
Cognitive and emotional processes are dynamic and modifiable characteristics, presenting beneficial results after a brief intervention.
“This aligns with previous studies indicating that cognitive and emotional processes are dynamic and modifiable characteristics, presenting beneficial results after a brief intervention [60,88].”
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- Authors
- Klimczak, K. S., Schwartz, S. E., Donahue, M. L., Capel, L. K., Snow, J. L., & Levin, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klimczak, Korena S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-07
- Volume
- 29
- Pages
- 13-22
- ISSN
- 2212-1447 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4379014321
- Semantic Scholar
- 471ed27a9668da405e5dbf49728952a90c11a38e
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- psychological inflexibility, positive affect, negative affect, meaningful activities, university students, ecological momentary assessment, dominance analysis
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