Communication Competence, Social Support, and Depression Among College Students: A Model of Facebook and Face-to-Face Support Network Influence

“Wright et al [79] demonstrated that better perceived communication competence predicted higher ratings of both face-to-face social support and Facebook social support satisfaction, which in turn were significantly negatively related to depression.”

“…with adult and young adult populations document associations between overall time spent on social media and ill-being (Vannucci et al., 2017; Wright et al., 2013), as well as linear associations between number of social network sites used and both depression and anxiety symptoms (Primack et…”

“…were found between depression and negative social networking interactions, 34,39,40 whereas negative correlations were found between depression and Facebook social support satisfaction, 36 positive social comparison, 41 number of Facebook friends, 32 and perceived Facebook social connectedness.”

“ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 12 Individuals who used Facebook in a manner that enabled perceived social support and connection reported lower depressive symptoms (Frison & Eggermont, 2016a; Frison & Eggermont, 2016b; Grieve et al., 2013; Mota Pereira, 2014; Wright et al., 2013).”

“Eight of the SNS studies reported positive findings [46,48-50,55,56,58,59], five reported mixed or unclear findings [45,47,53,54,64], and three studies reported negative findings [44,51,52].”

“Previous studies outside of Bangladesh have reported associations between FA and depression (e.g., Błachnio et al., 2015; Pantic et al., 2012; Shensa et al., 2017; Wright et al., 2013), so the finding in the present Bangladeshi study supports that literature.”

“+ ++ + + Satisfactory Wright et al. (2013) Crosssectional survey.”

“Furthermore, findings from another recent study indicated that—while online social networking was weakly associated with decreased depression—social support from Facebook had less of an association with reduced depression than did face-to-face social network support [28].”

“Previous studies also showed that interpersonal relationships in Facebook are helpful in improving depression [49].”

“Participants who were exposed to a hypothetical SNS page in which emotional distress was communicated using a status message, the relationship feature, and profile picture were less willing to provide emotional and network support to the distressed person than when only one feature was used to convey distress.”

“One study found that the number of hours students spent on Facebook was linked to depression (Wright et al., 2013).”

“, 2007; Tosun, 2012; Kim & Lee, 2010), while other studies claim it is detrimental (Brooks, 2015; Denti et al., 2012; Satici & Uysal, 2015; Wright et al., 2013), it is important to better understand the the potential consequences of usage and to explain those apparently inconsistent findings.”

“, writing of status updates and of comments), whereby they often disclose their sorrows and typically receive emotional support from their online friends (Sinclair & Grieve, 2017; Wright et al., 2013).”

“For example, spending a great deal of time on Facebook was negatively related to self-esteem (Kalpidou, Costin, & Morris, 2011) and was positively correlated with depression (Wright et al., 2013).”

“In contrast, others argue that spending a great deal of time on Facebook reduce self-esteem (Kalpidou, Costin& Morris, 2011), increase depression (Wright et al., 2013), and dissatisfy deep relatedness need (e.”

“For example, Wright, Rosenberg, Egbert, et al.[57] compared the use of face-to-face interactions to Facebook interactions for the outcome of student depression.”

“Moreover, researchers have consistently found that social support also contributes to decreases in depression levels in populations with or without disabilities (Cohen & Hoberman, 1983; Wright et al., 2013).”

“…Non-specific Addictive use Germany Published BSI Modified version of the short Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT-SNS) Woods and Scott (2016) N = 467; M =N/A N/A% Female Non-specific General UK Published HADS – Wright et al. (2013) N = 361; M = 20.26 53.5% Female 77% Facebook General USA…”

“Social support from friends (Jenkins, Belanger, Connally, Boals, & Durón, 2013) and satisfaction with social support (Wright et al., 2013) have been negatively associated with emerging adult depressive symptoms.”

“…an effective tool for health communication (Gibbons et al., 2011; Kontos, Emmons, Puleo, & Viswanath, 2010; Levine et al., 2011; Park et al., 2013; Wright et al., 2013), there is a dearth of lab experimental research on the causal effects of Web 2.0 features and UGC in SNSs on the dynamics of…”

“…the conflicting findings regarding the relationship between social media use and psychological wellbeing as explained above (e.g., Ryan & Xenos, 2011; Valenzuela et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2016; Wright et al., 2013), which suggests that there could be moderating variables in that relationship.”

“…on a 7-point semantic differential scale [44], readiness to quit on a 10-point Likert scale [41,45], motivation to quit [39], self-efficacy beliefs on a 7-point Likert scale (adopted from Wei et al study [46] and modified for the study), and perceived social support on a 5-point Likert scale [47].”

“Previous studies among young adults (18–22 years) report associations between overall time spent on social media and ill-being [19,20] as well as the number of social media sites used and depression and anxiety symptoms [21].”

“33 It is important to reiterate, however, that the extant research in the area of Facebook-based social support has utilized adapted versions of existing measures to assess social support on Facebook or used ‘‘home grown’’ measures 49 84 Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) 6 selected items Indian and Grieve, 2014 30 29…”

“Research has also revealed the positive association between SNS use and depression (Tandoc et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2013).”

“Some studies have shown that social need gratification can negatively predict adolescent depression [47, 48].”

“The motives related to maintaining contact and following friends has been positively associated with higher perceived social support in real life and therefore with lower perceived loneliness [40].”

“Studies on the relationship between adolescent depression and SNS use are usually conducted with adults and college students (Moreno et al. 2011, 2012; Jelenchick, Eickhoff, and Moreno 2013;Wright et al. 2013; Błachnio, Przepiórka, and Pantic 2015).”

“Online support groups (Tanis, 2009), blogs (Rains & Keating, 2011), and social network websites (Wright, Rosenberg, Egbert, Ploeger, & Bernard, 2012) can serve as a valuable support resource.”

“…and depression (Aneshensel & Frerichs, 1982; Fenlason & Beehr, 1994; Gerrits, van der Zandn, Vissher, & Conijn, 2007; Lieberman & Goldstein, 2005; Wright et al., 2013), and it has also been found to be a key variable in terms of increasing perceptions of social integration and reducing feelings…”

“…Economics, No.10, Huixindong St, Beijing, Chaoyang District, China 2 School of Business, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China 3 School of Insurance, University of International Business and Economics, No.10, Huixindong St, Beijing, Chaoyang District, China Wright et al. 2013).”

“…interactions, perceived online social support, and adolescents’ depressive symptoms will be stronger for girls than for boys, as studies have pointed out gender differences in online social support (e.g., Wright et al., 2013), with girls being more satisfied with their FB social support than boys.”

“Perceived emotional support can reduce perceived life stress and depression scores (Frison & Eggermont, 2015; Wright et al., 2013).”

“For example, it can make users feel lonely and depressed (Phu & Gow, 2019), especially when overused (Wright et al., 2013), thus affecting their social activities and relationships (Yoo & Jeong, 2017).”

“Research also suggests that general perceptions of support on Facebook are associated with communication competence (Wright et al., 2013), source similarity (Wright, 2012), source attraction (Wright, 2012), and offline support (Indian & Grieve, 2014).”

“Research has also shown a positive association between the number of hours college students use Facebook and depression [34].”

“…symptoms of depression or expose at-risk and fatal suicidal behaviors: disclosing feelings of depression through status updates on Facebook [35,36], decreasing levels of social activity accompanied by increasing levels of negative emotions, and interest in medication [22,37], reading more…”

“More precisely, greater investment in Facebook elicits stronger feelings of support, and spending more time on the site and maintaining a larger network of friends corresponds with greater support satisfaction (Wright et al., 2013).”

“5 A number of studies also report negative outcomes associated with social media use, such as decreased self-esteem and happiness, 6 increased psychological distress, 7 a sense of social isolation and jeal-ousy, 5,8 conflict among romantic partners, 9,10 and being victimized by cyberbullying.”

“SNS use could possibly highlight ones shortcomings and has been shown to negatively affect self-esteem in some cases (D’Amato et al., 2012; O’Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011; Wright et al., 2013).”

“In Wright et al. ’ s (2013) study, the time users spent on social networks had a positive impact on depression.”

“Previous studies have established that o ffl ine (FtF) and online (SNS) communication contexts both o ff er opportunities to access di ff erent types of support (Trepte et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2013).”

“More recently, studies found that also other types of applications, notably SNSs, can provide people with social resources [36–38].”

“…& Levinson (2015) J US 77 18.91 .77 social anxiety Facebook PF NA -.36 Wilcox & Stephen (2013) J US 380a 29.85 .56 self-esteem Facebook SR NA .13a Wright et al. (2013) J US 361 20.26 .53 depression Facebook SR 560.09 -.02 Yang (2016) J US 208 19.43 .78 loneliness Instagram SR NA -.10a Yang &…”

“, 2018), number of Facebook friends (Chow and Wan, 2017; Flynn et al., 2018; Labrague, 2014; Locatelli et al., 2012; Park et al., 2013; Tandoc Jr. et al., 2015; Wright et al., 2013), number of Facebook logins (Steers et al.”

“…relationships and a sense of connectedness, may be linked to benefits in terms of reduced psychopathology, including lower levels of depression (Wright et al ., 2013) and anxiety (Reichelt, 2019), as well as improved wellbeing, including higher levels of social support satisfaction (Wright et…”

“Facebook improved depression in university students [23] by expressing the opinions of a depressed person that are usually suppressed on a daily basis; this was demonstrated by Questions 6 and 7 on the FbRQ, in addition to the add friend feature, chatting, and the like feature.”

“Depression and emotional online disclosure Young adults use social media for a variety of self-disclosures that are linked with their mental health–including depression (Moreno et al., 2012; Wright et al., 2013).”

“27 In addition, information about the benefits of connecting with peers with sarcoma online, for example, by providing survivors’ stories of hope, may be helpful for those who are reluctant to make these connections.”

“…a negative impact on users, making users feel lonely and depressed (Hwang & Park, 2011; O’Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011; Phu & Gow, 2019), especially when they are overused (Wright et al., 2013), thus affecting their social activities and forming interpersonal relationships (Yoo & Jeong, 2017).”

“Furthermore, 3 studies showed that those with a greater need for help (ie, higher depression scores) reported a greater use of web-based resources and engagement [78,67,120].”

“Although the influences of SNS use on life satisfaction and happiness have attracted scholarly attention (e.g. Deters and Mehl, 2013; Wright et al., 2013), the impacts of celebrity-related SNS use have rarely been examined, despite people’s common use of SNSs to glimpse and follow celebrity life.”

“Most research on social support exchanges on SNSs focuses on help seekers’ behaviors (e.g., Blight, Jagiello, & Ruppel, 2015), their perceptions of social support (e.g., Wright et al., 2013), and the effects of receiving social support (e.g., Wright, 2012).”

“Scholars have considered the support-related implications of online communities (Wright & Rains, 2013), social network sites (Wright et al., 2012), and blogs (Sanford, 2010).”

“…change in depression symptoms over time after participants experienced a D-QSC, and a pooled analysis demonstrated a significant weighted mean decrease in depression by 25.6% (–0.256, 95% CI –0.352 to –0.160; P <.001), with high heterogeneity (I 2 = 90.8%; Figure 2) [20,23,24,26,30,36,37,39,41,42].”

“College students who use Facebook have fewer depressive symptoms [10], and those who explicitly express these symptoms and receive online support from their “friends” have higher self-esteem and sense of wellbeing [11].”

“The number of hours students spend on Facebook was positively correlated with depression (11).”

“Previous studies have also shown that social support from parents, friends, or mentors who provide emotional and practical support or who can be consulted when someone is suffering from a problems, significant influential social factors for depressive symptoms in adolescents and college students [24,37-40].”