When perceptions defy reality: The relationships between depression and actual and perceived Facebook social support
Open accessAbstract
Background Although the relationship between depression and "offline" social support is well established, numerous questions surround the relationship between "online" social support and depression. We explored this issue by examining the social support dynamics that characterize the way individuals with varying levels of depression (Study 1) and SCID-diagnosed clinically depressed and non-depressed individuals (Study 2) interact with Facebook, the world's largest online social network.Method Using a novel methodology, we examined how disclosing positive or negative information on Facebook influences the amount of social support depressed individuals (a) actually receive (based on actual social support transactions recorded on Facebook walls) and (b) think they receive (based on subjective assessments) from their Facebook network.Results Contrary to prior research indicating that depression correlates with less actual social support from "offline" networks, across both studies depression was positively correlated with social support from Facebook networks when participants disclosed negative information (p=.02 in Study 1 and p=.06 in Study 2). Yet, depression was negatively correlated with how much social support participants thought they received from their Facebook networks (p=.005 in Study 1 and p=.001 in Study 2).Limitations The sample size was relatively small in Study 2, reflecting difficulties of recruiting individuals with Major Depressive Disorder.Conclusions These results demonstrate that an asymmetry characterizes the relationship between depression and different types of Facebook social support and further identify perceptions of Facebook social support as a potential intervention target. (243 words; 250 max).
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Cites
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148 · see citing works
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,644 · see citing works
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x · Cited by 9,939 · see citing works
(1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,245 · see citing works
Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder
YOUNG, K. S. (1998) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1998.1.237 · Cited by 5,513 · see citing works
Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders
Jaffe, B. (1977) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(77)71107-7 · Cited by 4,722 · see citing works
Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023910315561 · Cited by 3,808 · see citing works
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 · Cited by 3,276 · see citing works
Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women.
Schnitzer, P. K., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (1980) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2065631 · Cited by 3,053 · see citing works
The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families
O'Keeffe, G. S., Clarke-Pearson, K., & Council on Communications and Media (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0054 · Cited by 1,987 · see citing works
Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women
McDaniel, E. G. (1980) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198009000-00013 · Cited by 1,894 · see citing works
The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being.
Rook, K. S. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.46.5.1097 · Cited by 1,645 · see citing works
The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being.
Rook, K. S. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.5.1097 · Cited by 1,645 · see citing works
Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., Shablack, H., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069841 · Cited by 1,596 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial networks and Internet connectivity effects
Haythornthwaite, C. (2005) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/13691180500146185 · Cited by 1,319 · see citing works
Assessing social networks among elderly populations
Lubben, J. E. (1988) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/00003727-198811000-00008 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Caplan, S. E. (2003) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650203257842 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence.
Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., Ybarra, O., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000057 · Cited by 988 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Following prior research (Kross et al., 2013; Verduyn et al., 2015), we modified the”
Self-citationWalen, H. R., & Lachman, M. E. (2000) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407500171001 · Cited by 941 · see citing works
Social Consequences of the Internet for Adolescents: A Decade of Research
Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2009) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01595.x · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Attentional biases for negative interpersonal stimuli in clinical depression
Gotlib, I. H., Krasnoperova, E., Yue, D. N., & Joormann, J. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.1.121 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
(2013) · mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) · Cited by 701 · see citing works
The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression
Coryell, W. H., Scheftner, W. A., Keller, M. B., Endicott, J., Maser, J. D., & Klerman, G. L. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.5.720 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Manago, A. M., Taylor, T., & Greenfield, P. M. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026338 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Feeling bad on Facebook: depression disclosures by college students on a social networking site
Moreno, M. A., Jelenchick, L. A., Egan, K. G., COX, E. D., Young, H. N., Gannon, K., & Becker, T. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20805 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Forest, A. L., & Wood, J. V. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611429709 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Interpersonal Processes in Depression
Hames, J. L., Hagan, C. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185553 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Self-reported distress: Analog or Ersatz depression?
Coyne, J. C. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.1.29 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Social network interactions: A buffer or a stress
Fiore, J., Becker, J., & Coppel, D. B. (1983) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00894057 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Hong, F.-Y., Huang, D.-H., Lin, H.-Y., & Chiu, S.-L. (2014) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2014.01.001 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among the elderly: test of a process model
Russell, D. W., & Cutrona, C. E. (1991) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.2.190 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Depression and Excessive Reassurance-Seeking
Joiner, T. E., Metalsky, G. I., Katz, J., & Beach, S. R. H. (1999) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1004_1 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Estimating Intraclass Correlation for Binary Data
Ridout, M. S., Demétrio, C. G. B., & Firth, D. (1999) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.1999.00137.x · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Davila, J., Hershenberg, R., Feinstein, B. A., Gorman, K., Bhatia, V., & Starr, L. R. (2012) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/a0027512 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Johnson, S. L., McKenzie, G., & McMurrich, S. L. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9158-6 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Examining social media use among older adults
Bell, C., Fausset, C. B., Farmer, S. K., Nguyen, J. K., Harley, L. R., & Fain, W. B. (2013) · ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT) · doi:10.1145/2481492.2481509 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Negative reactions to depressive behaviors: A communication theories analysis.
Segrin, C. G., & Abramson, L. Y. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.4.655 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The impact of pathological gambling on the spouse of the gambler
Lorenz, V. C., & Shuttlesworth, D. E. (1983) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/1520-6629(198301)11:1 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Facebook and MySpace: Complement or substitute for face-to-face interaction?
Kujath, C. L. (2011) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0311 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Negative reactions to depressive behaviors: A communication theories analysis.
Segrin, C. G., & Abramson, L. Y. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.655 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Jr. Joiner Thomas, E. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.3.386 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Morris, P., Robinson, R. G., Raphael, B., & Bishop, D. S. (1991) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1991.11024559 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Joiner, T. E. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.3.386 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Jacobson, N. S., & Anderson, E. A. (1982) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(82)80037-3 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The effects of another person's response style on interpersonal behavior in depression.
Blumberg, S. R., & Hokanson, J. E. (1983) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.92.2.196 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Developmental perspectives in child and adolescent depressive symptoms in a community sample
Kashani, J. H., Rosenberg, T. K., & Reid, J. C. (1989) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.146.7.871 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Unipolar Depression, Life Context Vulnerabilities, and Drinking to Cope.
Holahan, C. J., Moos, R. H., Holahan, C. K., Cronkite, R. C., & Randall, P. K. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.2.269 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The ties that bind: perceived social support, stress, and IBS in severely affected patients
Lackner, J. M., Brasel, A. M., Quigley, B. M., Keefer, L., Krasner, S. S., Powell, C., Katz, L. A., & Sitrin, M. D. (2010) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01516.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Everyday Social Behavior During a Major Depressive Episode
Baddeley, J. L., Pennebaker, J. W., & Beevers, C. G. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612461654 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The role of social support in the functioning of patients with unipolar depression
Flaherty, J. A., Gaviria, F. M., Black, E. M., Altman, E., & Mitchell, T. (1983) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.140.4.473 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Depressive affect and disclosures as factors in interpersonal rejection
Gurtman, M. B. (1987) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01183134 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Leskelä, U., Melartin, T., Rytsälä, H., Sokero, P., Lestelä-Mielonen, P., & Isometsä, E. (2008) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31818ec6cf · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cavanagh, S. R., Fitzgerald, E. J., & Urry, H. L. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035422 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wisco, B. E., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2009) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-009-0096-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kuiper, N. A., & McCabe, S. B. (1985) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173087 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Steffens, D. C. (1996) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(96)00019-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Coman, E., Iordache, E., Schensul, J. J., & Coiculescu, I. (2012) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3842 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well-being? A critical review
Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Résibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12033 · Cited by 1,209 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Seabrook, E. M., Kern, M. L., & Rickard, N. S. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5842 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
“Park et al [93] have shown that individuals with a diagnosis of MDD more frequently post negative sentiment than those who are not depressed, and Moreno and colleagues [85,94] demonstrated that depression could be identified in the language used in the Facebook posts of college students based on…”
InfluentialSocial Media and Well-Being: Pitfalls, Progress, and Next Steps
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Sheppes, G., Costello, C. K., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.10.005 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-disclosure and social media: Motivations, mechanisms and psychological well-being
Luo, M., & Hancock, J. T. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.019 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Passive and Active Social Media Use and Depressive Symptoms Among United States Adults
Escobar-Viera, C. G., Shensa, A., Bowman, N. D., Sidani, J. E., Knight, J., James, A. E., & Primack, B. A. (2018) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.0668 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
The relationship between daily stress, social support and Facebook Addiction Disorder
Brailovskaia, J., Rohmann, E., Bierhoff, H.-W., Schillack, H., & Margraf, J. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.014 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Social Support on Social Network Sites: A Meta-Analysis
Tifferet, S. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0516 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Seabrook, E. M., Kern, M. L., Fulcher, B. D., & Rickard, N. S. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9267 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Facebook-based social support and health: A systematic review.
Gilmour, J., Machin, T., Brownlow, C., & Jeffries, C. (2020) · Psychology of Popular Media · doi:10.1037/ppm0000246 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Survey on AI-Based Multimodal Methods for Emotion Detection
Marechal, C., Mikołajewski, D., Tyburek, K., Prokopowicz, P., Bougueroua, L., Ancourt, C., & Węgrzyn-Wolska, K. (2019) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16272-6_11 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Switzer, G. E., Primack, B. A., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.092 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Wirtz, D., Tucker, A., Briggs, C., & Schoemann, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00291-z · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Scott, H., & Woods, H. C. (2019) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-019-00148-9 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Kushlev, K., Proulx, J. D. E., & Dunn, E. W. (2017) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Liu, K., Li, S., & Shu, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238931 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
McLean, L., Abry, T., Taylor, M., Jiménez, M. C., & Granger, K. L. (2017) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2017.03.018 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Han, X., Han, W., Qu, J., Li, B., & Zhu, Q. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.011 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Vahedi, Z., & Zannella, L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-0150-6 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Toward improved methods in social media research.
Griffioen, N., van Rooij, M. M. J. W., Lichtwarck‐Aschoff, A., & Granic, I. (2020) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000005 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Liu, C., & Ma, J. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0075-5 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Like this meta-analysis: Screen media and mental health.
Ferguson, C. J., Kaye, L. K., Branley-Bell, D., Markey, P., Ivory, J. D., Klisanin, D., Elson, M., Smyth, M., Hogg, J. L., McDonnell, D., et al. (2022) · Professional Psychology: Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/pro0000426 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Qzone use and depression among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model
Niu, G., Luo, Y., Sun, X., Zhou, Z., Yu, F., Yang, S., & Zhao, L. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.01.013 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hilty, D. M., Stubbe, D. E., McKean, A. J. S., Hoffman, P. E., Zalpuri, I., Myint, M. T., Joshi, S. V., Pakyürek, M., & Li, S. T. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.523 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Primack, B. A., & Escobar-Viera, C. G. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.12.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Wang, P., Wang, X., Zhao, M., Wu, Y., Wang, Y., & Lei, L. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9711-8 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-disclosure on social media: The role of perceived network responsiveness
Walsh, R. M., Forest, A. L., & Orehek, E. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.106162 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Social Media Use and Its Link to Physical Health Indicators
Lee, D. S., Jiang, T., Crocker, J., & Way, B. M. (2022) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2021.0188 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes social media use confer suicide risk? A systematic review of the evidence
Macrynikola, N., Auad, E., Menjivar, J., & Miranda, R. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100094 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Psychopathological Processes Involved in Social Comparison, Depression, and Envy on Facebook
Pera, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00022 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Piko, B. F., Müller, V., Kiss, H., & Mellor, D. J. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104771 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Pavelko, R. L., & Myrick, J. G. (2019) · Journal of Radio & Audio Media · doi:10.1080/19376529.2019.1638925 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
High-Performance Modelling and Simulation for Big Data Applications
Kołodziej, J., & González–Vélez, H. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16272-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Baum, M. A., Druckman, J. N., Simonson, M. D., Lin, J., & Perlis, R. H. (2024) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12827 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Höltge, J., Theron, L. C., & Ungar, M. T. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.030 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Ferguson, C. J. (2021) · Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society · doi:10.1177/02704676211064567 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Yao, X., Chen, S., & Yu, G. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103198 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bizzotto, N., Marciano, L., de Bruijn, G., & Schulz, P. J. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/36964 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Vogel, E., Rose, J. P., & Crane, C. (2018) · Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2017.1385444 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Unimodal approaches for emotion recognition: A systematic review
Tomar, P. S., Mathur, K., & Suman, U. (2022) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2022.10.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Williamson, J. A., Oliger, C., Wheeler, A., & O’Hara, M. W. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519831771 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Jattamart, A., & Leelasantitham, A. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04244 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Park, E. Y., Oliver, T. R., Peppard, P. E., & Malecki, K. M. C. (2023) · Family Medicine and Community Health · doi:10.1136/fmch-2022-001971 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Positive Perceptions of Parenting and their Links to Theorized Core Emotional Needs
Louis, J. P., Davidson, A. T., Lockwood, G., & Wood, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-020-01807-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A Framework for Understanding the Relationship between Social Media Discourse and Mental Health
Mendu, S., Baglione, A. N., Baee, S., Wu, C., Ng, B., Shaked, A., Clore, G. L., Boukhechba, M., & Barnes, L. E. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3415215 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tufts, C., Polsky, D. E., Volpp, K. G. M., Groeneveld, P. W., Ungar, L., Merchant, R. M., & Pelullo, A. (2018) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/10834 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Primack, B. A., Perryman, K. L., Crofford, R. A., & Escobar-Viera, C. G. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2021.07.007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Understanding the relationship between social media use and depression: a review of the literature
Zhu, W., Mou, J., Benyoucef, M., Kim, J., Hong, T., & Chen, S. (2023) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-04-2021-0211 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Piko, B. F., Kiss, H., Hartmann, A., Hamvai, C., & Fitzpatrick, K. M. (2024) · European Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.5708/ejmh.19.2024.0019 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Piko, B. F., Kiss, H., Rátky, D., & Fitzpatrick, K. M. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001563 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yang, X., & Li, G. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/60286 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Distress, Suicidality, and Affective Disorders at the Time of Social Networks
Notredame, C.-É., Morgiève, M., Morel, F., Berrouiguet, S., Azé, J., & Vaïva, G. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1087-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Linlin, W., Wanyu, H., Li, Y., Huimin, Q., Li, Z., Qinchen, J., Tingting, W., Wang, F., Minghao, P., & Wei, Z. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17211-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Social Media Interventions for Adolescents and Young People with Depression and Psychosis
Santesteban‐Echarri, O., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Gleeson, J., & Rice, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69638-6_14 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pan, B., Gong, Y., Guo, M., Wang, X.-H. F., Lu, H., Zheng, L., & Zhang, B. (2024) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s498951 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Afifi, T. D., Merolla, A. J., Afifi, W. A., Gonzales, C., Salehuddin, A. S., Salmon, J., & Wilson, V. (2023) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqad056 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Teo, A. R., Marsh, H. E., Liebow, S. B., Chen, J. I., Forsberg, C. W., Nicolaidis, C., Saha, S., & Dobscha, S. K. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, Z., Wei, A. X., Palanivel, V., & Jackson, J. C. (2021) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221211040243 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Xiao, Y., Yang, Y., Xu, H., & Li, S. (2024) · Data and Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.dim.2024.100080 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Xu, C., Shi, Y., Yu, X., Chang, R., Wang, H., Chen, H., Wang, R., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Cai, Y., et al. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.12022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Teo, A. R., Strange, W., Bui, R., Dobscha, S. K., & Ono, S. S. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/22076 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tang, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2022.2087654 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The role of social communication technologies in cognition and affect in older adults
Resor, J., Cooke, S., & Katz, B. (2021) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x21000386 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Huang, H., Wu, H., Luo, L., Jiao, B., Wu, Y., Zou, G., Lin, J., Wang, W., & Ma, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1538390 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fu, H., Wang, B., Xin, Y., Duh, S., & Deng, Y. (2021) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.500 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Li, M. (2022) · Scientific Programming · doi:10.1155/2022/7113312 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Liu, Y., & Yi, H. (2022) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504221144439 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chen, Q., Zhao, W., Qun, L., & Harnof, S. (2021) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-213503 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhou, Z., Cheng, Q., & Ma, Y. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12423 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Parental incarceration, youth mental health, and resilience: Relationships at home and beyond
Corcoran, F., Bell, A. N., Shaver, E. L., Stone, K. J., Hindt, L. A., & Shlafer, R. J. (2025) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.70047 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ma, Y., Hassan, L., van der Veer, S. N., & Nenadić, G. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/78632 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
King, J., Gonzales, A. L., & Wang, L. H. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108863 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bişkin, S. Ö., & Kocaayan, F. (2020) · Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17755/esosder.682268 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL MEDIA USE AND DEPRESSION IN COLLEGE STUDENTS: A SCOPING REVIEW
Wu, S. Y. (2019) · Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Time-trajectories of depression, social anxiety, and social functioning throughout college
Birg, J. A., Loftus, P., Tennen, H. A., Armeli, S., & Goodman, F. R. (2025) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075251325427 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Baum, M., Druckman, J. N., Simonson, M. D., Lin, J. A.-J., & Perlis, R. H. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/tnfj7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
One-shot intervention reduces online engagement with distorted content
Hasan, E., Epping, G. P., Lorenzo-Luaces, L., Bollen, J., & Trueblood, J. S. (2025) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf068 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhou, T., Wang, C., Hu, J., Zhang, S., Fu, L. S., Huang, Z., & Qi, H. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15050657 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Depressive disorder from the evolutionary standpoint
Nowak, M. P. (2017) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2017.0014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Social Media Use and Display of Depressive Symptoms Online by Adolescents and Young Adults
Radović, A., Santesteban‐Echarri, O., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., Gleeson, J., Rice, S., & Moreno, M. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69638-6_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cash, S. J., Schwab‐Reese, L. M., Zipfel, E., Wilt, M., & Moreno, M. A. (2019) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/13650 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Analysis of Social Support Network on the Topic of “Smiling Depression” in Zhihu Online Community
Li, J., Zou, X., & Tang, X. (2024) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0730-0_39 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pan, B., Guo, M.-Y., Gong, Y., Lin, Z., & Zhang, B.-R. (2026) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v16.i2.113573 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Clinical Topics in Social Media
Joseph, J. J., & Florea, D. (2019) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9412-3.ch002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Clinical Topics in Social Media
Joseph, J. J., & Florea, D. (2022) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-6307-9.ch008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Widening the net: Use of social media data in personal injury and disability evaluations.
Drago, L. M., & Giuliano, A. (2024) · Behavioral sciences & the law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2649 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Virtual Blues: Facebook and Depression in Young Adults
Ambrose, A. J. H. (2016) · American Journal of Psychiatry Residents Journal · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2016.111202 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Les médias sociaux et le bonheur: Le cas de Facebook
Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Résibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1040776ar
Self-citationKhairiyah, W. (2020) · Hasanuddin Economics and Business Review · doi:10.26487/hebr.v4i1.2373 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Facebook Addiction and Academic Anxiety among University Students
Thomas, D. (2019) · International Forum Journal · doi:10.63201/jnuj9905 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Researching social support on social networking sites: relevance and main challenges
Любенко, Р. (2022) · NaUKMA Research Papers Sociology · doi:10.18523/2617-9067.2022.5.39-49 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kempny, C., Janneck, M., & Staar, H. (2017) · Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden)
الشریف, م. ا. ا. (2019) · مجلة الإرشاد النفسی · doi:10.21608/cpc.2019.42926
مواقع التواصل الاجتماعی والدعم الاجتماعی المقدم لمرضى سرطان الثدی بمصر: دراسة تحلیلیة مقارنة
شاهین, إ. ص. ص. (2019) · المجلة العربية لبحوث الاعلام والاتصال · doi:10.21608/jkom.2019.107438
BEET: Behavior Engagement Emotion Trigger – A AI-based model to maximize audience engagement
Badawy, W. M. (2021) · Menoufia Journal of Electronic Engineering Research · doi:10.21608/mjeer.2021.193089
Co-Development of Group Integration, Loneliness, and Mental Health within the School ContextPreprint
Krüger, H., & Krause, R. W. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jp3dz
(2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80455-786-020231019
Social navigation hypothesis of depressive disorder disproven
Nowak, M. P. (2023) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-023-00378-2
Social Media and Clinical Practice: What Stays the Same, What Changes, and How to Plan Ahead?
Hilty, D. M., Myint, M. T., Strauss, K. C., Hoffman, P. E., & Stubbe, D. E. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59936-1_11
- Authors
- Park, J., Lee, D. S., Shablack, H., Verduyn, P., Deldin, P., Ybarra, O., Jonides, J., & Kross, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Jiyoung
- Kross, Ethan
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 200
- Pages
- 37-44
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2341279356
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 37.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression, Facebook, online social support, perceived social support, social media disclosure, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Reality Testing, Self Disclosure, Social Perception, Social Support, Statistics as Topic, Students, Young Adult, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
