Affective and cognitive factors associated with hallucination proneness in the general population: the role of shame and trauma-related intrusions
Abstract
Introduction: Feelings of shame may be an important factor implicated in the onset and maintenance of hallucination (or hearing voices). Shame has been shown to increase trauma-related intrusions and avoidance and may reinforce negative beliefs about the self, which in turn may contribute to hallucinations in clinical and non-clinical populations. To our knowledge, no study has so far explored the role of shame in hallucination-proneness. Therefore, the main goal of the present study is to explore the mediation role of shame, trauma-related intrusions and avoidance in the association between childhood trauma and hallucination-proneness.Methods: Self-report questionnaires were used to assess past traumatic experiences, trauma-related symptoms, shame, and hallucination proneness in 175 participants from the general population.Results: Mediation analyses (joint-significance test and Monte Carlo test) showed that both shame and intrusions mediated the association between childhood trauma and hallucination-proneness.Conclusions: Our results reinforce the importance of considering previous experiences of trauma and trauma-related symptoms, including feelings of shame in individuals experiencing hallucinations. Moreover, this study reinforces previous studies showing some preliminary evidence that compassion-focused therapy, whose primary goal is to reduce shame by increasing self-compassion, could have a significant effect on voices whose content is hostile.
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Intrusive memories, images and thoughts about past experiences, together with associated shame, can stimulate the onset of traumatic experiences.
“At the same time, intrusive memories, images and thoughts about past experiences, together with the shame associated with them, can stimulate the onset of traumatic experiences [36, 48].”
From The “common” experience of voice-hearing and its relationship with shame and guilt: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
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- Authors
- Bortolon, C., & Raffard, S.
- Affiliations
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Psychologie: Personnalité, Cognition, Changement Social (FR)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Bortolon, Catherine
- Venue
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-09-24
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 406-420
- ISSN
- 1354-6805 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-0619
- OpenAlex
- W2976496811
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cognitive Neuropsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- hallucination proneness, voice hearing, shame, childhood trauma, trauma avoidance, mediation, self-compassion, compassion-focused therapy, general population
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Trauma, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adult, Affect, Child, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Male, Shame, Self Report
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