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Cited by 233Schizophrenia research and treatmentHallucinations in medical conditionsMental Health and Psychiatry

Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: intrusive thoughts and forgotten memories

Waters, Flavie, Badcock, Johanna, Michie, Patricia, Maybery, Murray·2006·Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
DOI 10.1080/13546800444000191
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Abstract

INTRODUCTION: This paper presents a new cognitive model of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia. We suggest that auditory hallucinations are auditory representations derived from the unintentional activation of memories and other irrelevant current mental associations. Our model proposes that a combination of deficits in intentional inhibition and contextual memory is critical to the experience of auditory hallucinations. The failure in intentional inhibition produces unwanted and uncontrollable mental events which are not recognised because they have lost the contextual cues that would normally facilitate recognition. METHODS: This article amalgamates recently published data and presents a reanalysis of the findings on 43 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (Badcock, Waters, Maybery, & Michie, 2005; Waters, Badcock, Maybery, & Michie, 2003a; Waters, Maybery, Badcock, & Michie, 2004a). Relative risk was also estimated to determine whether the combination of deficits increases the risk of having auditory hallucinations. RESULTS: Almost 90% of patients currently experiencing auditory hallucinations showed the predicted combination of deficits on both inhibition and context memory, compared to only a third of patients without hallucinations. In addition, the results showed that those patients with the specified cognitive deficits were at an especially increased risk of having auditory hallucinations relative to patients without the deficits. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our investigations strongly support the role of intentional inhibition and context memory in auditory hallucinations. Critical consideration of the findings also suggests that additional cognitive processes might be important for the expression of this symptom.

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  • Some AVHs can best be described as misattributed inner speech, whereas others might best be described as intrusive memories, and others still as 'hypervigilance' towards detecting stimuli in the environment.

    “it is possible that some AVHs can best be described as misattributed inner speech, whereas others might best be described as intrusive memories (Waters et al., 2006), and others still as ‘hypervigilance’ towards detecting stimuli in the environment”

    From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Waters et al., 2006

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Authors
Waters, F., Badcock, J., Michie, P., & Maybery, M.
Affiliations
The University of Western Australia (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2006-01
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
65-83
ISSN
  • 1354-6805 (ISSN-L)
  • 1464-0619
DOI
10.1080/13546800444000191
OpenAlex
W2050348404
Cited by
233
References
110
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 20
FWCI
6.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Cognitive Neuropsychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Keywords
auditory hallucinations, schizophrenia, intentional inhibition, contextual memory, intrusive thoughts, forgotten memories
MeSH terms
Cognition, Hallucinations, Humans, Memory, Models, Psychological, Terminology as Topic, Schizophrenic Psychology

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