This is a natural process’: managing menstrual stigma in Nepal
Abstract
Menstrual stigma has been demonstrated in many societies. However, there is little research on menstrual attitudes in South Asia, despite religiously-based menstrual restrictions imposed on women. To understand menstrual stigma in this context, we conducted qualitative research with women in Nepal. Nepali Hinduism forbids menstruating women to enter a temple or kitchen, share a bed with a husband or touch a male relative. During menstruation, women are 'untouchable'. There has been virtually no research on how Nepali women make meaning of these practices. The current study employed focus groups and individual interviews to understand how some Nepali women experience menarche and menstrual stigma. We explored how women describe their experiences and the strategies they adopt to manage age-old stigma in a rapidly modernising society where they have multiple roles as workers, wives and mothers. Participants reported they experienced menarche with little preparation, which caused distress, and were subjected to ongoing stigmatisation as menstruating women. They described coping strategies to reduce the effects of this stigma. This study provides a unique perspective on coping with menstrual stigma in South Asia.
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The taboo and stigma around menstruation can lead to secrecy, shame, decreased mobility, social and religious restrictions, and impacts on confidence and self-efficacy.
“Further, the taboo and stigma around menstruation can lead to secrecy, shame, decreased mobility, social and religious restrictions, and impacts on confidence and self-efficacy [2, 11, 21, 26, 34, 35].”
From ’It’s like a burden on the head’: Redefining adequate menstrual hygiene management throughout women’s varied life stages in Odisha, India. (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
Where investigated, women and girls lacked clarity on what constituted normal and abnormal (i.e., disordered) menstruation.
“Where investigated, women and girls also lacked clarity on what constituted normal and abnormal (i.e., disordered) menstruation”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
Many authors stated that most of their study population had deficits in knowledge of menstrual biology.
“Many authors stated that most of their study population had deficits in knowledge of menstrual biology”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
In many settings, menstrual blood-and by extension, menstruating women-were considered ritually impure or polluting.
“In many settings, menstrual blood—and by extension, menstruating women—were considered ritually impure or polluting”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
Studies with greater interpretive depth noted that a lack of confidence to manage menses influenced how women and girls perceived themselves and their bodies, internalising a sense that 'their bodies are beyond their control'.
“Studies with greater interpretive depth noted that a lack of confidence to manage menses influenced how women and girls perceived themselves and their bodies, internalising a sense that ‘their bodies are beyond their control’ [5, 16, 47].”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
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- Authors
- Crawford, M., Menger, L. M., & Kaufman, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Crawford, Mary
- Venue
- Culture, Health & Sexuality
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2014-04-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 426-439
- ISSN
- 1369-1058 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5351
- OpenAlex
- W2029518469
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Culture Health & Sexuality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies and Social Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- menstrual stigma, menarche, untouchability, religious taboos, coping strategies, women's experiences, South Asia, menstruation, gender roles, modernization
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Menarche, Menstruation, Middle Aged, Nepal, Stereotyping, Focus Groups, Hinduism, Young Adult
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