Practice and lived experience of menstrual exiles (Chhaupadi) among adolescent girls in far-western Nepal
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BACKGROUND: Menstrual exile, also known as Chhaupadi, is a tradition of "untouchability" in far-western Nepal. Forbidden from touching other people and objects, women and girls are required to live away from the community, typically in a livestock shed, during menstruation. We assessed the lived experiences of Chhaupadi among Nepalese adolescent girls in the far-western Achham district of Nepal, observed the safety and sanitation of their living spaces during Chhaupadi, and assessed the perceptions of local adult stakeholders towards the practice of Chhaupadi. METHODS: We collected data from 107 adolescent girls using a self-administered survey in two local schools in Achham. We also conducted a focus group discussion with seven girls, held key informant interviews, and observed the girls' living spaces during Chhaupadi, using a checklist. Descriptive statistics of the quantitative survey and thematic analyses of qualitative interviews are presented. RESULTS: The majority of the girls (n = 77, 72%) practiced exile, or Chhaupadi, during their menstruation, including 3 (4%) exiled to traditional Chhau sheds, 63 (82%) to livestock sheds, and 11 (14%) to courtyards outside their home. The remaining girls (n = 30, 28%) stayed inside the house, yet practiced some form of menstrual taboos. Of the 77 observed living spaces where the girls stayed during exile, only 30% (n = 23) had a toilet facility. Most exiled girls (97.4%) were restricted from eating dairy products. Participants reported having various psychological problems, including lonliness and difficulty sleeping while practicing Chhaupadi. Three of the girls were physically abused; nine were bitten by a snake. Notably high proportions of the living spaces lacked ventilation/windows (n = 20, 26%), electricity (n = 29, 38%), toilets (n = 54, 70%) and a warm blanket and mattress for sleeping (n = 29, 38%). Our qualitative findings supported our quantitative results. CONCLUSIONS: Chhaupadi has been condemned by human rights organizations. While the government has banned the practice, implementation on the ban is proceeding slowly, especially in far-western Nepal. Thus, as a temporary measure, public health professionals must work towards promoting the health and safety of Nepalese women and girls still practicing Chhaupadi.
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In the most severe cases, subpopulations in Nepal practiced Chhaupadi, ritual seclusion from the community and home during menstruation.
“In the most severe cases, subpopulations in Nepal practiced Chhaupadi, ritual seclusion from the community and home during menstruation”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Amatya, P., Ghimire, S., Callahan, K. E., Baral, B. K., & Poudel, K. C.
- Affiliations
- Pokhara University (NP)
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas (US)
- Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital (NP)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ghimire, Saruna
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2018-12-10
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e0208260
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6287853
- OpenAlex
- W2904190350
- Cited by
- 125
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 8.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies and Social Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- menstrual taboos, adolescent girls, Far Western Nepal, sanitation, living conditions, physical abuse, psychological distress, menstrual health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Female, Humans, Hygiene, Menstruation, Nepal, Sanitation, Focus Groups, Young Adult
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