DRD4 genotype moderates the impact of parental problems on unresolved loss or trauma
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In the current study we tested whether the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) genotype moderates the association of experienced parental problems during childhood (e.g., parental depression, marital discord) with unresolved loss or trauma during the Adult Attachment Interview. To test the specificity of this moderation the role of the serotonin transporter gene promoter (5-HTTLPR) was also examined. Subjects were 124 adopted adults (mean age 39 years). Participants with the DRD4-7 repeat (7R) allele who experienced parental problems had the highest scores for unresolved loss or trauma whereas participants with DRD4-7R who did not experience parental problems showed the lowest ratings. Among participants without DRD4-7R, the parental problems during childhood did not make a difference. 5-HTTLPR did not moderate the relation between parental problems and unresolved loss or trauma. Our study shows heightened susceptibility to environmental influences for carriers of the DRD4-7R allele, and suggests that the interplay between specific dopamine-related genes and family contexts leads to more or less successful coping with adverse childhood experiences.
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The same genetic/epigenetic modification may impact differently on different traits in one individual.
“The same genetic/epigenetic modification may impact differently on different traits in one individual.”
From Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma (2019) · cites this paper as [245]
The Results (Multivariate Analysis; page unavailable) show that the DRD4-by-parental-problems interaction was associated with unresolved loss or trauma but did not significantly predict depression in the same participants. This supports a trait-specific genetic effect, but the Discussion says methylation was not assessed, so the epigenetic part is not supported by this study. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Discord Sentry: A Moderation Bot for Safer Communities
Kalhans, P., Saini, Y., & Sehgal, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3939-7_8
Sunzeri, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-14465-2_14
Bajpai, A., Holla, B., Sharma, E., Mahadevan, J., Shankarappa, B. M., Dahiya, N., Purushottam, M., Viswanath, B., Jain, S., & Benegal, V. (2026) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2026.105116
- Authors
- Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Caspers, K., & Philibert, R.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University
- University of Iowa (US)
- ORCID
- Philibert, Robert
- Venue
- Attachment & Human Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-04-18
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 253-269
- ISSN
- 1461-6734 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2988
- PMC
- PMC3098559
- OpenAlex
- W2169278741
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Attachment & Human Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA005821, R01DA05821, R01DA015789)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- DRD4 gene, dopamine D4 receptor, parental problems, unresolved loss, unresolved trauma, Adult Attachment Interview, 5-HTTLPR, serotonin transporter, gene-environment interaction, childhood adversity, parental depression, marital conflict, adopted adults, attachment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Separation, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parents, United States, Parenting, Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Receptors, Dopamine D4
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