Cited by 495Attachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 132 of the 132 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The significance of attachment security for children’s social competence with peers: a meta-analytic study

Open access

Groh, Ashley M., Fearon, R. Pasco, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J., van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Steele, Ryan D., Roisman, Glenn I.·2014·Attachment & Human Development

DOI 10.1080/14616734.2014.883636PMC PMC4021853

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This meta-analytic review examines the association between attachment during the early life course and social competence with peers during childhood, and compares the strength of this association with those for externalizing and internalizing symptomatology. Based on 80 independent samples (N = 4441), the association between security and peer competence was significant (d = 0.39, CI 0.32; 0.47) and not moderated by the age at which peer competence was assessed. Avoidance (d = 0.17, CI 0.05; 0.30), resistance (d = 0.29, CI 0.09; 0.48), and disorganization (d = 0.25, CI 0.10; 0.40) were significantly associated with lower peer competence. Attachment security was significantly more strongly associated with peer competence than internalizing (but not externalizing) symptomatology. Discussion focuses on the significance of early attachment for the development of peer competence versus externalizing and internalizing psychopathology.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/14616734.2014.883636

Cites

132 of 132 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Using multivariate statistics
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
Untitled work
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel‐Plot–Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099 · cited 2×
“We used the “trim and fill” method (Duval & Tweedie, 2000a, 2000b) to calculate the effect of potential data censoring or publication bias on the outcome of the meta-analyses.”
BackgroundMethod
Untitled work
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,570
Untitled work
(2007) · Cited by 10,092
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Untitled work
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446 · cited 3×
“Email: agroh@unc.edu Attachment & Human Development, 2014 Vol. 16, No. 2, 103–136, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2014.883636 © 2014 Taylor & Francis life course (Bowlby, 1969/1982).”
BackgroundInfluential
Journal of The American Statistical Association
Fienberg, S. E. (2004) · Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences · doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess1317 · Cited by 6,289

Show all 131 references

Research works printed but not linked: 28

*Adams B. L. (1994). An investigation of the interrelationships among security of attachment parenting attitudes and the development of competence (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Adamson L. (1990). The relationship between attachment and social competence in peer relations in early childhood (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Agnor C. J. (2009). A proposed model of friendship quality and attachment in preschool children (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
Belsky, J., & Cassidy, J. (1995). Attachment theory and evidence. In M. Rutter & D. Hay (Eds.), Development through life (pp. 373–402). London: Blackwell.
Borenstein, M., Rothstein, D., & Cohen, J. (2005). Comprehensive meta-analysis: A computer program for research synthesis [Computer software]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Biostat.
*Burns S. R. (2002). Attachment security as a predictor of preschoolers’ prosocial responses to mothers and peers (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Bystritsky M. (1999). Relations among attachment quality parenting style quality of family environment and social adjustment (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertation and Theses database.
Cassidy, J., Marvin, R. S., & The MacArthur Working Group on Attachment. (1992). Attachment organization in preschool children: Coding guidelines (Unpublished manuscript). Charlottesville: University of Virginia.
*Cohn D. A. (1988). Security of attachment at six years of age and peer social competence in first-grade (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Cutler K. M.-Z. (1995). Parent-child attachment and communication styles: Relations with preschoolers’ peer communication styles (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
10.1037/0012-1649.33.3.489 · DOI
*Goldetsky G. L. (1999). Attachment and the development of peer-related social competency from the toddler period to the preschool period (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*LaFrenière P. J. (1982). From attachment to peer relations: An analysis of individual differences in social adaptation to the preschool group (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Lamarca P. M. (1995). An investigation of peer social relationships and self-awareness of preschool age children (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Mallik S. A. (2000). Attachment quality joint attention and behavior outcome in infants prenatally exposed to cocaine (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Milligan K. V. (2004). Attachment security and friendship quality in early childhood: A theoretical and methodological reconceptualization (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
Mullen, B., & Rosenthal, R. (1985). BASIC meta-analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
*Pancake V. R. (1988). Quality of attachment in infancy as a predictor of hostility and emotional distance in preschool peer relationships (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Pitterle P. (2003). The relationship between attachment and social-emotional adaptation and self-esteem in the preschool years (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Regan C. L. (1996). Continuity in children’s family and friendship relationships. Systematic biases in perceptions and interpretations as a possible mechanism of transmission: An attachment theory perspective (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Ritchie S. A. (1995). Attachment relationships of substance-exposed children with their caregivers and their teachers (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Silverman N. (1990). Attachment maternal behavior and preschool competence at age three (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in preschool: The roots of maladaptation and competence. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Minnesota symposium on child psychology (Vol. 16, pp. 41–81). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.806 · DOI
*Thompson S. L. (2000). The social skills of previously institutionalized children adopted from Romania (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Walls M. E. (1997). Multiple predictors of mother-child attachment and peer competency during the preschool years (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Weatherill R. P. (2007). Does the mother-child relationship moderate the effects of domestic violence on preschool behavior problems and social competence? (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.
*Wu F. (1992). Social competency of only-children in China: Associations among maternal attachment teacher attachment and peer relationships (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database.

Sorted by citations

Items 401–490 of 490

Relationship of Parent Attachment and Parenting Behaviors With Social Achievement Goals Endorsed by Emerging Adults
McCabe, A. (2019) · American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting (AERA) · doi:10.3102/1444419
Learning and Teaching in Early Education
Romera, E. M., Gómez‐Ortiz, O., Viejo, C., & Ruiz, R. O. (2018) · Advances in early childhood and K-12 education · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-5167-6.ch002
Behavior Change for Children Participating in Parent-Child Interaction Therapy: A Growth Curve Analysis
LaRosa, K. N. (2018) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Linking Mechanisms between Attachment Quality During Infancy and Preschoolers’ Social Competence: Focusing on Continuity of Maternal Parenting Stress, Social Interaction, and Warmth
Moon, Y. (2020) · Korean Journal of Child Studies · doi:10.5723/kjcs.2020.41.1.29
Understanding Youth Mentors’ Experiences Mentoring their Younger Peers
Coyne-Foresi, M. (2020) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Bindung im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Ziegenhain, U. (2020) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49289-5_40-1
Infant Physical Growth
Lampl, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.002
Infant Physical Knowledge
Hespos, S. J., & Anderson, E. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.013
Dual Language Exposure and Early Learning
Brito, N. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.024
Infant Speech Perception
Reh, R. K., & Werker, J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.021
Development During Infancy in Children Later Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Falck‐Ytter, T., & Jones, E. J. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.005
Dynamic Epigenetic Impact of the Environment on the Developing Brain
Champagne, F. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.003
Zgodnja navezanost med malčkom in staršem kot napovednik kakovosti prijateljstva otrok v srednjem otroštvu
Čermak, N., & Umek, L. M. (2021) · Psihološka obzorja · doi:10.20419/2021.30.525
Trauma in mid-life adoptees: a qualitative analysis of Adult Attachment Interview narrativesPreprint
Dalton, N., McLaughlin, M., & Cassidy, T. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kdwx5
From attachment insecurity to non-suicidal self-injury: The mediating role of emotion regulation
Miles, N. (2021) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.14788827.v1
Preface
Lockman, J. J., & Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.031
The Effect of Family Functioning and Coping Styles on Aggressive Behavior for Children in the Higher Grades of Primary School
顾, 海. (2022) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2022.124155
Effects of Attachment Quality and Organization
Forslund, T., & Granqvist, P. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_1964
Index
Lockman, J. J., & Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.030
A szociális kompetencia érzelmi elemeinek fejlesztése zeneterápiás eszközökkel tantó és tanár szakos hallgatók körében
Szabadi, M. (2018) · doi:10.14232/phd.9988
Attachment Theory and Moral Development
Thompson, R. A. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192898128.003.0002
Entwicklungspsychologische Perspektiven auf das Mentalisieren
Mayer, D., Berkic, J., & Paulus, M. (2022) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666408038.45
Die Welt, wie sie heute ist, mentalisieren
Fonagy, P., Campbell, C., Allison, E., & Luyten, P. (2022) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666408038.215
PARENT-CHILD ATTACHMENT, PARENTING PRACTICES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ADOLESCENT SOCIAL COMPETENCE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF INCOME AMONG VULNERABLE FAMILIES
Stark, M. (2022) · doi:10.23860/thesis-stark-margaret-2022
Contribution de différents comportements extériorisés à la qualité du soutien affectif maternel au préscolaire
Larose, M., Parent, S., Ryan, N. C., Pinsonneault, M., Tremblay, R. E., & Séguin, J. R. (2023) · Revue de psychoéducation · doi:10.7202/1099289ar
Repräsentationen der Lehrer-Schüler-Beziehung aus Sicht von Lehrpersonen
Langer, J., & Eisfeld, M. (2019) · doi:10.35468/5750-09
The role of parenting in shaping the friendship context of adolescent substance use
Rulison, K. L., Chahl, A., & Hoeben, E. M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197602317.003.0008
Secure Base Script Knowledge and Friendship Quality as Protective Factors for Bullying and Victimisation in Elementary SchoolPreprint
Cheung, H. S., Khong, J. Z. N., Lee, J., Liu, D., & Ang, R. P.-H. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6mqjt
Psychische Erkrankung und Erziehungsfähigkeit
Zimmermann, J., & Allroggen, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66900-6_28
Kinder und Jugendliche im Kontext häuslicher Gewalt – Risiken und Folgen
Kindler, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66900-6_22 · Cited by 1
Notes
Bradley, B. S., Selby, J., & Stapleton, M. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192859518.002.0009
Ghosts of the past?
Wiertsema, M. (2024) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.33612/diss.940095022
Revisiting the childcare–attachment question: under what conditions is childcare participation associated with mother–child attachment security?
Bernier, A., Côté, S. M., Leclerc, G., Matte‐Gagné, C., & Marquis‐Brideau, C. (2024) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2024.2344521
“…considering its strong validity; different meta-analyses suggest that the observer-AQS shows about twice the predictive validity of the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP; used in most prior childcare studies) with respect to some child outcomes (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012, 2014).”
BackgroundMethod
Bindung im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Ziegenhain, U. (2024) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66744-6_40
Slovenian validation of the Capacity to Love Inventory: associations with clinical measures and mindfulness
Glavač, T., Poštuvan, V., Schmeckenbecher, J., & Kapusta, N. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1440013 · Cited by 2
Elternarbeit und systemische Ansätze
Schmid, M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21024-2.00029-9
Toddler disorganized attachment in relation to cortical thickness and socioemotional problems in late childhood
Arya, B., Patrick, M. M., Pei, H., Law, E. C., Broekman, B. F. P., Chen, H. Y., Gwan, M. C. H., Yap, F. K. P., Lee, Y. S., Tan, K. H., et al. (2024) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2024.2404591
Parental attachment and mental health in Chinese early adolescents: The mediation role of narcissism
Chen, Y., Liu, K., Zhu, Y., Fang, X., Ding, Y., & Jiang, W. (2024) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107966
The Family and the Stable PeacePreprint
Flowers, A. C., & Coyne, C. J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4959457
Does 60‐ to 72‐Month‐Old Children's Attachment Predict Their Resilience?
Türk, E. D., & Yıldırım, G. (2024) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13245
“Learning to ‘waltz’ rather than ‘wrestle’ … ” : a novel, ultra-brief intervention supporting early child–caregiver relationships
Potter, H., Chadderton, G., Mitchell, R., & D’Arcy, Z. (2024) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2024.2427183
“Therefore, it is unsurprising that difficulties in the early child–caregiver relationship predispose children for later emotional processing and regulation difficulties, and mental health challenges (Brumariu et al., 2020; Groh et al., 2014).”
Associations between dyadic language style matching and classroom observations of behaviorally inhibited children's sociability
Sem, K., Shakiba, N., Rubin, K. H., Novick, D. R., Druskin, L. R., Smith, K., Danko, C. M., Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., & Wagner, N. J. (2024) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12781 · Cited by 2
Middle Childhood Behavioral Attachment Dimensions (MCBAD): Development and Validation of an Observational System for Coding Dimensions of Attachment Security in Middle Childhood
Geerts-Perry, A. T. (2022) · doi:10.12794/metadc1985321
Relational and Social-Cognitive Predictors of PTSD in U.S. Combat Veterans: A Path Analysis
Smith, J. E. (2021) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1808434
Psychological Well-Being and Family Functioning in Middle Childhood: The Unique Role of Sibling Relational Dynamics
Geerts, A. T. (2019) · doi:10.12794/metadc1538739
Mary Main, Disorganisation, and the MCAST
Green, J. (2025) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2025.2465033
“…this age as well as others, associated with developmental difficulties in social competency and regulation, and clinical psychopathology; as much other work of course confirms, both in relation to SSP-classified children (Groh et al., 2012, 2014) and to AAI-classified adults (Dagan et al., 2018).”
The Family and the Stable PeacePreprint
Flowers, A. C., & Coyne, C. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5162924
The family and the stable peace
Flowers, A. C., & Coyne, C. J. (2025) · The Review of Austrian Economics · doi:10.1007/s11138-025-00675-5
Direct and indirect pathways to kindergartners’ school adjustment: roles of children’s parent and friendship representations
Nur, İ., & Arnas, Y. A. (2025) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2025.2499492
“…in secure parent–child attachment relationships associated with warm and sensitive care, the mental representations that children have are a strong determinant of how they learn the skills that are important for their adjustment to a new environment (Groh et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2022).”
Social cultures and belonging
Degotardi, S., Salamon, A., & Stratigos, T. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009380577.011
Intergenerational continuity of social competence via parent–child bonding
Wiertsema, M., Vrijen, C., van der Ploeg, R., Hartman, C. A., & Kretschmer, T. (2025) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2025.2542853 · Cited by 1
“Such secure and positive parent–child relationships are beneficial for child development, including social competence, as has been shown in plenty of studies (e.g., Groh et al., 2014).”
Understanding Emotional Neglect and Emotional Abuse: A Holistic View from Conceptualization to Intervention
Turhan, C., & Eryılmaz, A. (2025) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.1602868
“This causes the child to experience social and emotional problems, and problems in the development of sense of self and in relationships with others in adulthood (Bowlby 1988, Schore 2001, Colman and Thompson 2002, Perry 2002, Groh et al. 2014).”
The role of maternal depressive symptoms and maternal engagement as mechanisms between intimate partner violence exposure during infancy and social functioning in middle childhood
Schulz, M., Wood, C., Fogarty, A., Brown, S., Gartland, D., & Giallo, R. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254251368789
“…symptoms following IPV may have more difficulty forming secure attachment with their child (Badovinac et al., 2018; Boeckel et al., 2015) which is vital in supporting the skills needed for children to independently manage their own social and emotional functioning with peers (Groh et al., 2014).”
The Voice of Early Childhood Educators: Supporting the Social Functioning of Children Exposed To Intimate Partner Violence
Schulz, M., Fogarty, A., Giallo, R., Dudfield, F., & Wood, C. (2025) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-025-00985-z
Représentations d’attachement et capacité de mentalisation d’enfants d’âge scolaire hébergés en contexte de protection de l’enfance et issus de la population générale
Veilleux, K., Terradas, M. M., Puentes‐Neuman, G., Didier, O., & Labonté, M. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100608
Originalarbeiten / Original Articles. Bindung und psychische Belastung bei Jugendlichen aus Schulen und Versorgungspraxen während und nach der Covid-19-Pandemie / Attachment and Psychological Distress in Adolescents from Schools and Care Practices During and After the Covid-19 Pandemic
Festini, J., Juen, F., & Behringer, J. (2025) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2025.74.7.562
A comparison of attachment-based EMDR therapy and standard EMDR therapy for adolescents with bullying-related trauma symptoms: A randomized controlled trial
Mahmood, S., Lakatos, K., Endeladze, M., & Kaló, Z. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106023
Więź zamiast kontroli: znaczenie relacji rodzica z dzieckiem jako elementu ochrony przed uwikłaniem w destrukcyjne działania w świecie wirtualnym
Kubacka-Pawlak, A., & Kmieciak, B. (2025) · Family Forum · doi:10.25167/ff/6019
Additional file 2 of A randomized wait-list controlled trial to investigate the role of cognitive mechanisms in parenting interventions on mothers with substance use disorder
Porreca, A., Simonelli, A., Carli, P. D., Barone, L., Filippi, B., Rigo, P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20367018
Additional file 1 of Maternal interpersonal problems and attachment security in adolescent offspring
Kerr, S., Penner, F., Ilagan, G. S., Choi-Kain, L. W., & Sharp, C. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20208260
Additional file 1 of A randomized wait-list controlled trial to investigate the role of cognitive mechanisms in parenting interventions on mothers with substance use disorder
Porreca, A., Simonelli, A., Carli, P. D., Barone, L., Filippi, B., Rigo, P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20367015
Additional file 1 of What factors are most important for the development of the maternal–fetal relationship? A prospective study among pregnant women in Danish general practice
Ertmann, R. K., Bang, C. W., Kriegbaum, M., Væver, M. S., Kragstrup, J., Siersma, V., Wilson, P., Lutterodt, M. C., & Smith‐Nielsen, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13521150
Additional file 2 of What factors are most important for the development of the maternal–fetal relationship? A prospective study among pregnant women in Danish general practice
Ertmann, R. K., Bang, C. W., Kriegbaum, M., Væver, M. S., Kragstrup, J., Siersma, V., Wilson, P., Lutterodt, M. C., & Smith‐Nielsen, J. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13521153
Attachment Styles and Dating App Use
Topino, E., Griffiths, M. D., & Gori, A. (2026) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000576
A Socio-Epistemic Theory of Attachment: Part I. Secure Attachment as Epistemic Trust and Its Place in Development
Talia, A., Duschinsky, R., Mazzarella, D., Begus, K., Kleinbub, J. R., Miller‐Bottome, M., Taubner, S., Holmes, J. A., & Fonagy, P. (2026) · Psychoanalytic Inquiry · doi:10.1080/07351690.2025.2609527
Maternal attachment among Iranian mothers: Adaptation and validation of the maternal attachment inventory
Amani, S., & Persram, R. J. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08911-8
“…consistently associated with a wide range of psychopathological outcomes, including poor social skills and difficulties in peer relation - ships (Groh et al., 2014; Deneault et al., 2021), higher levels of hostility and aggression (Pasco Fearon & Belsky, 2011), and lower resilience during the…”
The relationship between defense mechanisms and attachment: a narrative review
Howell, R., & Békés, V. (2025) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2025.879
“He proposed that individual differences in early caregiving relationships are carried forward into later social and romantic relationships (Bowlby, 1988; Feeney, 2008; Groh et al. , 2014; Holland & Ro-isman, 2010; Roisman, 2006).”
Recent Advances in Research on Children’s Friendships
Weeks, M. S., & Asher, S. R. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009381949.009
Exploring interactive pathways to infant disorganized attachment in a sample of mothers with postpartum depression
Reijman, S., Stuart, A. C., Egmose, I., Duschinsky, R., Rippe, R. C. A., Smith‐Nielsen, J., Røhder, K., & Væver, M. S. (2026) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2026.2634113
“Children with a disorganized attachment classification also show, on average, lower social competence with peers (Groh et al., 2014).”
Exploring the leadership of the principal mobilizes collaboration between teachers and parents in children's learning based on Islamic parenting: Evidence from Indonesia
Kabiba, Bafadal, I., Maisyaroh, & Triwiyanto, T. (2026) · Multidisciplinary Science Journal · doi:10.31893/multiscience.2026543
“Secure attachment to both parents and teachers helps children become more confident, emotionally stable, and socially adept (Ali et al., 2021; Groh et al., 2014).”
Brief Report: Priming Attachment Memories Affects Attachment States of Pre-adolescents
Bosmans, G., Verschueren, A., Cuyvers, B., Budniok, S., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Rowe, A., Ceulemans, E., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2026) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316261437270
Different Roles of Help‐Seeking and Parent–Child Closeness in the Link Between Growth Mindset and Persistence: A Two‐Wave Longitudinal Study
Zhang, F. (2026) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.70206
Psychopathologie et attachement dans la transition à la maternité
Guez, H. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e686711fzd86ez483cza5dcz2df4f3aa4ab1
Attachment Modulates Neural Responses to Social Exclusion vs. Inclusion: An fMRI Cyberball Study in Children
Krasberg-Schoett, M. J. S., Deichmann, R., Fischmann, T., & Fiebach, C. J. (2026) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2026.2649161
“…attachment pattern (Bowlby, 1980; Karavasilis et al., 2016), which constitutes a risk factor for internalizing symptoms (Groh et al., 2012), impairments in emotion regulation (Shaver & Mikulincer, 2016), social competences (Groh et al., 2014), and interpersonal functioning (Haggerty et al., 2009).”
Secure adult attachment to fathers’ and students’ perceptions of shared reasons for musical engagement
Dickinson, S., & North, A. C. (2026) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356261422161
Attachment Dimensions and Relational Trauma in the Prediction of Emotional and Social Adjustment Among Adolescents in Residential Care
Bager-Mariscal, D., Molins, F., González‐Sala, F., Talmón-Knuser, F., & Lacomba‐Trejo, L. (2026) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents6030036
“This three-way configuration is consistent with, while adding nuance to, the meta-analytic evidence from Groh et al. [23], which found that resistant/anxious attachment had the largest effect size on peer competence relative to avoidant and disorganized patterns.”
Influential
Attachment-Based Interventions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review
Fernández-Cuenca, C., & Alonso‐Arbiol, I. (2026) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-026-00556-y · Cited by 2
Exploring the Practice Elements of Attachment-Based Interventions: A Distillation-and-Matching Review
Mohamed, A. R., Sterkenburg, P. S., van Rensburg, E., & Schuengel, C. (2026) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-026-09964-x
Are differences in early aggressive behavior mediated by attachment processes? The case of adolescent mother-infant dyads
Tarabulsy, G. M., Leblanc, C.-A., Matte‐Gagné, C., Specht, P. M., Fréchette‐Boilard, G., Glowacz, F., & Bernier, A. (2026) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2026.2703615
Incel identity and proclivity towards violence: exploring the roles of attachment, emotion regulation and social competence
Regan, L., & Mclocklin, G. (2026) · Journal of Criminological Research Policy and Practice · doi:10.1108/jcrpp-04-2026-0035
Peer Victimization at School in Quebec: A Comparative Study of Children Adopted by Gay Fathers, Children Adopted by Heterosexual Parents, and Non-Adopted Children
Dupont, C., & Feugé, É. (2026) · LGBTQ+ Family An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/27703371.2026.2706759
Profiles of Parent–Child Relationship Quality and Emotional Adjustment in Chinese Children: Role of Unsociability
Haidabieke, A., Kong, X., Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Zhou, T., & Ding, X. (2026) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.70261
“Love is Real. It Takes Many Shapes and Forms”: The Concept of Love Among Children in Out-of-Home Placements
Schuchalter, A. S., Klebanov, B., & Katz, C. (2026) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605261473545
Toward a Developmentally Informed Framework for Childhood Suicidality: Integrating Systems, Attachment, and Prevention
Bunch, M. G., Crowder, A., & Muller, D. (2026) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807261483730
Predictors of maternal sensitivity to their children across the first 10 years of life: a prospective population-based study
Bravo, P., Jansen, P. W., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Shahisavandi, M., Cárcamo, R. A., Tiemeier, H. W., Hillegers, M. H. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Neumann, A. (2026) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2026.2723064
Grandparent involvement and children’s emotional and behavioral problems: the mediating role of social competence and the moderating role of family functioning
Xu, Y., Wen, X., Hao, Y., Lin, H., & Ni, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1851087
PERCEPCJA BLISKICH RELACJI W RODZINIE A FUNKCJONOWANIE SPOŁECZNE DOROSŁYCH Z NIEPEŁNOSPRAWNOŚCIĄ INTELEKTUALNĄ: PERSPEKTYWA TEORII PRZYWIĄZANIA
Żółkowska, T. (2026) · Niepełnosprawność i Rehabilitacja · doi:10.5604/01.3001.0055.8274
Perspectives évolutionnistes de la compétition et de la coopération chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire
Paquette, D. (2026) · Revue de psychoéducation · doi:10.7202/1128950ar
Foster mothers’ attachment styles and children’s attachment security in middle childhood: a mixed-methods study of the Turkish foster family service model
Ervüz, C., & Karakuş, Ö. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1986177
“Meta-analytic evidence links attachment security in childhood to greater social competence with peers (Groh et al., 2014), and attachment insecurity to internalizing symptoms across childhood and adolescence (Brumariu and Kerns, 2010) and to the development of anxiety (Kerns and Brumariu, 2014).”
Father–Child Attachment Relationships
DENEAULT, A., & BUREAU, J. (2026) · doi:10.1002/9781394366156.ch8

Authors: Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Steele, R. D., & Roisman, G. I.
Affiliations: ,
Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author: Groh, Ashley M.
ORCID: Groh, Ashley M.
Roisman, Glenn I.
Venue: Attachment & Human Development
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2014-02-18
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Pages: 103-136
ISSN: 1461-6734 (ISSN-L)
1469-2988
DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2014.883636
PMC: PMC4021853
OpenAlex: W1980337381
Cited by: 495
References: 131
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 8
FWCI: 48.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Attachment & Human Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
UNC Libraries
Funders: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (T32-HD07376)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD007376)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: attachment security, peer social competence, attachment avoidance, disorganized attachment, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, early attachment, child psychopathology
MeSH terms: Anomie, Child, Child, Preschool, Father-Child Relations, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Peer Group, Personality Disorders, Social Adjustment, Reactive Attachment Disorder

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The significance of attachment security for children’s social competence with peers: a meta-analytic study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks