Cited by 495Attachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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The significance of attachment security for children’s social competence with peers: a meta-analytic study

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Groh, Ashley M., Fearon, R. Pasco, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J., van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Steele, Ryan D., Roisman, Glenn I.·2014·Attachment & Human Development

DOI 10.1080/14616734.2014.883636PMC PMC4021853

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Abstract

This meta-analytic review examines the association between attachment during the early life course and social competence with peers during childhood, and compares the strength of this association with those for externalizing and internalizing symptomatology. Based on 80 independent samples (N = 4441), the association between security and peer competence was significant (d = 0.39, CI 0.32; 0.47) and not moderated by the age at which peer competence was assessed. Avoidance (d = 0.17, CI 0.05; 0.30), resistance (d = 0.29, CI 0.09; 0.48), and disorganization (d = 0.25, CI 0.10; 0.40) were significantly associated with lower peer competence. Attachment security was significantly more strongly associated with peer competence than internalizing (but not externalizing) symptomatology. Discussion focuses on the significance of early attachment for the development of peer competence versus externalizing and internalizing psychopathology.

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DeMulder, E. K., Denham, S. A., Schmidt, M. E., et al. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.274 · Cited by 110
The causes, consequences and detection of publication bias in psychiatry
Gilbody, S., Song, F.-J., Eastwood, A., & Sutton, A. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102004241.x · Cited by 105
Relations between Attachment, Gender, and Behavior with Peers in Preschool
Turner, P. J. (1991) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130820 · Cited by 100
Attachment and Play: Convergence Across Components of Parent-Child Relationships and their Relations to Peer Competence
Kerns, K. A., & Barth, J. M. (1995) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407595122006 · Cited by 95
Attachment and teacher-reported behavior problems during the preschool and early school-age period
Moss, E., Parent, S., Gosselin, C., Rousseau, D. M., & St‐Laurent, D. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007240 · Cited by 93
The infant-toddler social and emotional assessment (ITSEA): Comparing parent ratings to laboratory observations of task mastery, emotion regulation, coping behaviors, and attachment status
Carter, A. S., Little, C., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., & Kogan, N. (1999) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199924)20:4 · Cited by 90
Continuity in Parent-Child Relationships from Infancy to Middle Childhood and Relations with Friendship Competence
Freitag, M. K., Belsky, J., Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., & Scheuerer‐Englisch, H. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01806.x · Cited by 76
Attachment security and parental sensitivity during infancy: Associations with friendship quality and false-belief understanding at age 4
McElwain, N. L., & Volling, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407504045892 · Cited by 74
Attachment and play in child care centres: Reliability and validity of the attachment Q-sort for mothers and professional caregivers in Italy
Cassibba, R., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & D’Odorico, L. (2000) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502500383377 · Cited by 74
Predicting Behavior Problems and Social Competence in Children of Adolescent Mothers
Hubbs‐Tait, L., Osofsky, J. D., Hann, D. M., & Culp, A. M. (1994) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/585376 · Cited by 72 · cited 2×
“(2001) appears to have missed some studies, the majority of which produced weak, non-significant effects (e.g., Clarke-Stewart, 1981; Hubbs-Tait et al., 1994).”
Result
Perceptions of Emotional Support from Mother and Friend in Middle Childhood: Links with Social-Emotional Adaptation and Preschool Attachment Security
Booth, C. L., Rubin, K. H., & Rose‐Krasnor, L. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06200.x · Cited by 72
Early Care and the Roots of Attachment and Partnership Representations: The Bielefeld and Regensburg Longitudinal Studies.
Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., & Kindler, H. (2005) · Cited by 68
Quality of attachment to father and mother and number of reciprocal friends
Veríssimo, M., dos Santos, A. J., Vaughn, B. E., Torres, N., Monteiro, L., & Santos, O. (2009) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430903211208 · Cited by 61 · cited 2×
“, Bystritsky, 1999); sociometric ratings completed by peers either alone (Veríssimo et al., 2011) or in combination with the target child (e.”
Background
Social Development in Infant Twins: Peer and Mother-Child Relationships
Vandell, D. L., Owen, M. T., Wilson, K. S., & Henderson, V. K. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130398 · Cited by 58
Is early attachment security carried forward into relationships with preschool peers?
Wood, J. J., Emmerson, N. A., & Cowan, P. A. (2004) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151004323044591 · Cited by 56
Maternal Emotional Expressiveness and Attachment Security: Links to Representations of Relationships and Social Behavior
Laible, D. (2006) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2006.0035 · Cited by 52
Roots of mental illness in children.
King, J. A., Ferris, C. F., & Lederhendler, I. I. (2003) · Cited by 51
Infant day care: The current debate.
Fox, N. S., & Fein, G. G. (1990) · Cited by 51
Behavioural precursors of attachment representations in middle childhood and links with child social adaptation
Bureau, J., & Moss, E. (2010) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151009x468062 · Cited by 50 · cited 2×
“…be included in a meta-analysis more than once, the papers that reported on the earliest outcome assessment were included in our meta-analysis (e.g., Bureau & Moss, 2010), except when the earliest outcome assessment focused on a sub-sample of participants from the larger longitudinal sample (e.g.,…”
BackgroundResult
Continuity in Parent-Child Relationships from Infancy to Middle Childhood and Relations with Friendship Competence
Freitag, M. K., Belsky, J., Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., & Scheuerer‐Englisch, H. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131710 · Cited by 49
A Longitudinal Examination of Links between Mother-Child Attachment and Children's Friendships in Early Childhood
Kerns, K. A. (1994) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407594113004 · Cited by 48 · cited 1×
“Moreover, the prior meta-analysis included some articles not included in the current review because they drew on data from the overlapping samples (e.g., Kerns, 1994; Park & Waters, 1989) or the attachment assessment did not meet our inclusion criteria (e.g., self-report; Kerns et al., 1996).”
Method
The predictive value of different infant attachment measures for socioemotional development at age 5 years
Smeekens, S., Riksen‐Walraven, J. M., & van Bakel, H. J. A. (2009) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20219 · Cited by 47
Attachment categories as reflections of multiple dimensions: Comment on Fraley and Spieker (2003).
Sroufe, L. A. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.413 · Cited by 37 · cited 1×
“Contrary to some theorizing and evidence (Carlson, 1998; Sroufe, 2003), we found that disorganization (d = 0.34) and avoidance (d = 0.12) – but not resistance (d = 0.11, ns) – significantly predicted externalizing symptoms, and that avoidance (d = 0.17) – but not resistance (d = 0.03, ns) or…”
ResultInfluential
Research and Clinical Center for Child Development Annual Report, 2001-2002.
Chen, S.-J., Murohashi, H., & Fujino, Y. (2003) · Cited by 33
Early Relationship Quality From Home to School: A Longitudinal Study
Vondra, J. I., Shaw, D. S., Swearingen, L., Cohen, M. M., & Owens, E. B. (1999) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1207/s15566935eed1002_4 · Cited by 29
Integrating temperament and attachment: The differential susceptibility paradigm.
van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2012) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 29
From an insecure base: Parent‐child relations and internalizing behaviour in the pre‐school
LaFrenière, P. J., Provost, M. A., & Dubeau, D. (1992) · Early Development and Parenting · doi:10.1002/edp.2430010303 · Cited by 28
Developmental Follow-Up of 6–7 Year Old Children of Mothers Employed During Their Infancies
Barglow, P. D., Contreras, J. M., Kavesh, L., & Vaughn, B. E. (1998) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1023/a:1022636412780 · Cited by 27
Proffles of Emotional Development: Individual Differences in Facial and Vocal Expression of Emotion during the Second and Third Years of Life
Malatesta-Magai, C., Leak, S., Tesman, J. R., Shepard, B., Culver, C., & Smaggia, B. (1994) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/016502549401700202 · Cited by 24
Early predictors of childhood friendship.
Lewis, M., & Feiring, C. (1989) · Cited by 19
Preschoolers' Reactions to Loss of a Best Friend: Developmental Trends and Individual Differences.
Park, K. A. (1992) · Child study journal · Cited by 16
A comparison of preschool behaviors with peers when children enroll in child-care as infants or older children
Howes, C. H. (1991) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839108403663 · Cited by 12 · cited 1×
“…the relevant information, but other data relevant to the meta-analysis were available in the published literature (e.g., authors no longer had access to sociometric data (Howes, 1991), but complete observational data were available in the literature (Howes, Rodning, Galluzzo, & Myers, 1990)).”
Background
hild's Attachment to Mother as the Basis of Mental Development Typology
Burmenskaya, G. V. (2009) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2009.0019 · Cited by 8
Predicting Preschoolers' Social-Cognitive Play Behavior: Attachment, Peers, Temperament, and Physiological Regulation
Porter, C. L. (2009) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.104.2.517-528 · Cited by 6
Wandel und Stabilität: Längsschnittliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Bindungssicherheit und dem sprachlichen und sozialen Entwicklungsstand
Korntheuer, P., Lißmann, I., & Lohaus, A. (2010) · Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht · doi:10.2378/peu2010.art01d · Cited by 4
DOES QUALITY OF ATTACHMENT IN A STRANGE SITUATION RELATE TO LATER COMPETENCE IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
Nakano, S. (1984) · Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers (Hokkaido University) · Cited by 2
Bindung, Gehemmtheit, soziale Netzwerke und die Entwicklung sozialer Beziehungen im Kindergarten
Neyer, F. J., Schäfer, M., & Asendorpf, J. B. (1998) · Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics · Cited by 2
The relation of early attachment with kindergarten social preference : an examination of intervening relational and behavioral processes
Balentine, A. C. (2007) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) · Cited by 2
Child attachment security, attachment representations and social competence in early school years
Kaloustian, G. (2008) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 1

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Sorted by citations

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“to include in the meta-analysis (11) or the few studies limited the conclusions we could draw (10, 12, 13).”
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“associated with a range of positive social and emotional outcomes in children.(12,13)”
Background

See all 495

Authors: Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Steele, R. D., & Roisman, G. I.
Affiliations: ,
Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author: Groh, Ashley M.
ORCID: Groh, Ashley M.
Roisman, Glenn I.
Venue: Attachment & Human Development
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2014-02-18
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Pages: 103-136
ISSN: 1461-6734 (ISSN-L)
1469-2988
DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2014.883636
PMC: PMC4021853
OpenAlex: W1980337381
Cited by: 495
References: 131
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 8
FWCI: 48.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Attachment & Human Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
UNC Libraries
Funders: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (T32-HD07376)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD007376)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: attachment security, peer social competence, attachment avoidance, disorganized attachment, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, early attachment, child psychopathology
MeSH terms: Anomie, Child, Child, Preschool, Father-Child Relations, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Peer Group, Personality Disorders, Social Adjustment, Reactive Attachment Disorder

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The significance of attachment security for children’s social competence with peers: a meta-analytic study

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