Cited by 495Attachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

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The significance of attachment security for children’s social competence with peers: a meta-analytic study

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Groh, Ashley M., Fearon, R. Pasco, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J., van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Steele, Ryan D., Roisman, Glenn I.·2014·Attachment & Human Development

DOI 10.1080/14616734.2014.883636PMC PMC4021853

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Abstract

This meta-analytic review examines the association between attachment during the early life course and social competence with peers during childhood, and compares the strength of this association with those for externalizing and internalizing symptomatology. Based on 80 independent samples (N = 4441), the association between security and peer competence was significant (d = 0.39, CI 0.32; 0.47) and not moderated by the age at which peer competence was assessed. Avoidance (d = 0.17, CI 0.05; 0.30), resistance (d = 0.29, CI 0.09; 0.48), and disorganization (d = 0.25, CI 0.10; 0.40) were significantly associated with lower peer competence. Attachment security was significantly more strongly associated with peer competence than internalizing (but not externalizing) symptomatology. Discussion focuses on the significance of early attachment for the development of peer competence versus externalizing and internalizing psychopathology.

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“20) reported in the three previous metaanalyses of this association (Groh et al., 2014; Pallini et al., 2014; Schneider et al., 2001), although our sample values do fall within the overall range of scores reported in those meta-analyses.”
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“From the importance of secure attachment (Groh et al., 2014), to variations in maternal (Raby et al., 2015) and paternal sensitivity (Volling et al., 2019), and the effects of the quality of parent-child relations on a range of outcome domains (Aksan et al., 2006), a multitude of early caregiving…”
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“For example, children with sensitive, responsive parents are more likely to exhibit prosocial behavior with peers (Attili, Vermigli, & Roazzi, 2010; Day & Padilla-Walker, 2009; Groh et al., 2014) and are less likely to be overtly aggressive with peers (Attili et al.”
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“…to child signals in an adequate and prompt manner (Ainsworth et al., 1978), children are able to develop a secure attachment (De Wolff & Van IJzendoorn, 1997), which is an important indicator of their future development (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2014, 2017, 2012; Sroufe et al., 2005).”
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“With 80 independent samples comprising 4,441 children, Groh et al. (2014) reported a meta-analysis examining the association between attachment security, assessed through behavioral observations in infancy/toddlerhood and/or preschool period and social competence with peers.”
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“…Granot & Mayseless, 2001; McCartney, Owen, Booth, Clarke-Stewart, & Vandell, 2004; Seibert & Kerns, 2015 and see meta-analyses by; Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012, 2014; Madigan, Atkinson, Laurin, & Benoit, 2013, for reviews relevant to externalizing behaviors and internalizing behaviors).”
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*The efficacy of the attachment-based SAFE® prevention program: a randomized control trial including mothers and fathers
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“Children who are securely attached to the mother or to the father show more positive developmental outcomes such as social competence with peers (Groh et al., 2014).”
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“Also, the prevalence of disorganized attachments in our sample was found to be similar to that of community samples (Groh et al., 2012, 2014; van IJzendoorn et al., 1999).”
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Background
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“The relation between early attachment security and later social competence and behavior problems has been demonstrated in a series of meta-analyses: Securely attached children show more social competence (Groh et al., 2014) and display fewer externalizing (Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roism…”
Background
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“To clarify, effects of maltreatment on attachment security and disorganization (Cyr, Euser, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2010) as well as of attachment on social functioning (Groh et al., 2014) are now both well-established meta-analytically.”
Background
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“The effect of infant attachment security on social competence across childhood has been replicated in a meta-analytic review that included over 4,000 families (Groh et al., 2014).”
Background
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“…express less warmth and support and engage in hostile and rejecting behaviors are theorized to place adolescents at greater risk for heightened social anxiety symptoms by altering children’s internal working models of the self and interpersonal relationships (Ainsworth, 1989; Groh et al., 2014).”
Background
Perceived attachment security to parents and peer victimization: Does adolescent's aggressive behaviour make a difference?
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“Nonsecure attachment styles have been linked with decreased selfesteem, internalizing and externalizing problems (Guttmann-Steinmetz & Crowell, 2006), and poor peer relationships (Groh et al., 2014).”
Background
Exclusion Expected? Cardiac Slowing Upon Peer Exclusion Links Preschool Parent Representations to School-Age Peer Relationships
White, L. O., Bornemann, B., Crowley, M. J., Sticca, F., Vrtička, P., Stadelmann, S., Otto, Y., Klein, A. M., & von Klitzing, K. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13494 · Cited by 17
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“Due to these cascading and cumulating effects, substance-exposed children may be at risk for poor developmental outcomes later in life, as insecure and disorganized attachment have been linked with, for example, lower peer-competence and internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Groh et al., 2014).”
Background
Intervening Early: Socioemotional Interventions Targeting the Parent–Infant Relationship
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“This finding is consistent with the results of others’ work that more securely attached children demonstrate greater peer competence (see Groh et al., 2014, for a review).”
Result
Paternal history of depression or anxiety disorder and infant–father attachment
Lucassen, N., Tharner, A., Prinzie, P., Verhulst, F. C., Jongerling, J., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2017) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2070 · Cited by 16
“…for the socio‐emotional development of children has been demonstrated in numerous studies over the past decades (see the meta‐analyses by Fearon, Bakermans‐Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Groh et al., 2014; Groh, Roisman, van IJzendoorn, Bakermans‐Kranenburg, & Fearon, 2012).”
Background
Mediating role of religious orientation and moral character for the relationship between parent and peer attachment and delinquency
Munir, A., & Malik, J. A. (2020) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2020.1761042 · Cited by 21
“Children who experience secure attachment with the caregivers and peers show positive outcomes such as higher self-esteem, better academic achievement, better emotional regulation and higher social competence (Groh et al., 2014).”
Background
Building Connections and Relationships at School: Youth Reflect on Mentoring Their Younger Peers
Coyne-Foresi, M., & Nowicki, E. A. (2020) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431620912472 · Cited by 16
“A meta-analytic review on peer relations found that secure early attachments with peers fostered continued skills in other peer friendships and played a profound role in children’s future peer competence (Groh et al., 2014).”
Background
The association of early regulatory problems with behavioral problems and cognitive functioning in adulthood: two cohorts in two countries
Dieter Wolke, C., Baumann, N., Jaekel, J., Pyhälä, R., Heinonen, K., Räikkönen, K., Sorg, C., & Bilgin, A. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13742 · Cited by 22
“difficulties in social competence (Groh et al., 2014).”
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Individual differences in infants’ neural responses to their peers’ cry and laughter
Crespo-Llado, M. M., Vanderwert, R. E., & Geangu, E. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.03.008 · Cited by 16
The reliability of clinical, history-based attachment classifications: an exploratory study
Gericke, R., & Bain, K. (2020) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2019.1698431 · Cited by 15
Differential effects of maternal‐ and paternal‐adolescent attachments on friendship security and intimacy
Persram, R. J., & Konishi, C. (2022) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12433 · Cited by 15
“It helps and it doesn’t help”: maternal perspectives on how the use of smartphones and tablet computers influences parent-infant attachment
Hood, R., Zabatiero, J. G., Silva, D. T., Zubrick, S. R., & Straker, L. M. (2023) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2023.2212148 · Cited by 15
“…of aspects of child development such as cognitive performance (West et al. 2013; Schore 2001), emotion regulation (Zimmer-Gembeck et al. 2017; Brumariu 2015), social competence with peers (Groh et al. 2014; Bohlin et al. 2000) and duration of sleep (Cheung et al. 2017; Bordeleau et al. 2012).”
Background
Parental Sensitivity and Attachment in Ethnic Minority Families
Malda, M., & Mesman, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-43645-6_5 · Cited by 15
Validating the Supervision Partnership as a Phase of Attachment
Koehn, A. J., & Kerns, K. A. (2021) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316211036753 · Cited by 15
Maternal responsivity and oxytocin in opioid‐dependent mothers
Daigle, K. M., Heller, N. A., Sulinski, E., Shim, J., Lindblad, W. J., Brown, M. S., Gosse, J. A., & Hayes, M. J. (2019) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21897 · Cited by 17
Familial Factors in the Development of Social Anxiety Disorder
Olson, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20210219-01 · Cited by 22
Is middle childhood attachment related to social functioning in young adulthood?
Fransson, M., Granqvist, P., Marciszko, C., Hagekull, B., & Bohlin, G. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12276 · Cited by 17
“…relations between insecurity-avoidance and social initiative and prosocial orientation, respectively, are conceptually in line with recent meta-analytic findings (e.g., Groh et al., 2014) linking avoidance in infancy and early childhood to lower social competence in childhood and adolescence.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Building a Cybernetic Model of Psychopathology: Beyond the Metaphor
Rudrauf, D., & Debbané, M. (2018) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2018.1513685 · Cited by 16
Attachment security and striatal functional connectivity in typically developing children
Choi, E. J., Taylor, M. J., Vandewouw, M. M., Hong, S., Kim, C.-D., & Yi, S.-H. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100914 · Cited by 15
Attachment behaviors toward teachers and social preference in preschool children
Prino, L. E., Longobardi, C., Fabris, M. A., & Settanni, M. (2022) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2022.2085980 · Cited by 14
“with higher social preference and visibility among peers (Groh et al., 2014; Howes, 1997; Pallini et al., 2014; Posada et al., 2019; Waters & Sroufe, 1983).”
Background
Protective Factors for Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Role of Emotion Regulation and Attachment
Tanner, M. A., & Francis, S. E. B. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02989-7 · Cited by 30
“However, adolescents with insecure attachments may ﬁ nd it challenging to establish friendships with peers due to experiences of peer rejection and a lack of prosocial behaviors (Groh et al., 2014; Sroufe et al., 2005).”
Attachment hierarchies for Spanish adolescents: family, peers and romantic partner figures
Viejo, C., Monks, C., Sánchez-Rosa, M., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2018.1466182 · Cited by 11
“Thus, it is the personal needs and preferences across one’s lifetime that modulate this ordering (Cassidy & Shaver, 2008; Fearon & Roisman, 2017; Groh et al., 2014; Seibert & Kerns, 2009).”
Background
Disrupted affective communication characterizes mothers of infants with disorganized but also ambivalent attachments: An Israeli study
Ariav‐Paraira, I., Oppenheim, D., & Sagi‐Schwartz, A. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13679 · Cited by 16
A Systematic Review of Representational and Behavioral Measures of Parent-Child Attachment Available for Middle Childhood
Gastelle, M., & Kerns, K. A. (2021) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000521393 · Cited by 14
“…established as an important predic mes, including children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms, social competence and the quality of peer relationships, and cognitive abilities and school success (Groh et al., 2014; Kerns & Brumariu, 2016; Madigan et al., 2016; van IJzendoorn et al., 1995).”
Background
Difficult temperament and children’s peer relations: the moderating role of quality of parent–child relationships
Acar, İ. H., Pérez-González, S., Kutaka, T. S., & Yıldız, S. (2018) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2018.1439941 · Cited by 17
Effects of Maternal Depression and Mother–Child Relationship Quality in Early Childhood on Neural Reactivity to Rejection and Peer Stress in Adolescence: A 9-Year Longitudinal Study
Kujawa, A., Arfer, K. B., Finsaas, M. C., Kessel, E. M., Mumper, E. E., & Klein, D. N. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620902463 · Cited by 16
“It is well established that the quality of relationships with caregivers in early childhood predicts later relationships with peers (Groh et al., 2014; Schneider, Atkinson, & Tardif, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Infant Emotion Development and Temperament
Aktar, E., & Pérez‐Edgar, K. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.026 · Cited by 17
Entwicklungspsychologische Beziehungstherapie (EBT) 4–10 – Ein bindungsorientiertes psychotherapeutisches Modul zur Förderung der Beziehung zwischen Eltern und ihren Kindern im Vor- und Grundschulalter
Gloger-Tippelt, G., Ziegenhain, U., Künster, A. K., & İzat, Y. (2014) · Psychotherapie Forum · doi:10.1007/s00729-014-0015-2 · Cited by 13
Family cumulative risk and at-risk kindergarteners’ social competence: the mediating role of parent representations of the attachment relationship
Sparks, L. A., Trentacosta, C. J., Owusu, E., McLear, C. M., & Smith‐Darden, J. P. (2017) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2017.1414861 · Cited by 13
“Though the relation between social competence and attachment security is well established (Groh et al., 2014), the possibility that caregiver secure base scripts are related to child social competence has not yet been examined (McLear et al.”
Background
Criminality, Substance abuse and Problematic Family Relations in Adolescence
Saladino, V., Lilli, H., & Valeria, V. (2020) · Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapeutic Science · doi:10.17352/2455-3484.000031 · Cited by 13
The Cognitive Architecture of Infant Attachment
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“…insecure attachment in infancy poses risk for poorer peer relationships, externalizing problems, and (to a lesser extent) inter-nalizing symptoms across the early life course (Deneault et al., 2021; Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012; Groh, Fearon, et al., 2014; Madigan et al., 2013).”
Mentalizing partially mediates the association between attachment insecurity and global stress in preservice teachers
Schwarzer, N.-H., Dietrich, L., Gingelmaier, S., Nolte, T., Bolz, T., & Fonagy, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1204666 · Cited by 17
“, 1978), are considered an important factor positively influencing psychosocial development and mental health (Groh et al., 2014).”
Background
Parent–Child Relationships and Attachment
van Bakel, H. J. A., & Hall, R. A. S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_3 · Cited by 12
The rewards of motherhood: Neural response to reward in pregnancy prospectively predicts maternal bonding with the infant in the postpartum period
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Can typical US home visits affect infant attachment? Preliminary findings from a randomized trial of Healthy Families Durham
Berlin, L. J., Martoccio, T. L., Carmody, K. A., Goodman, W. B., O’Donnell, K., Williams, J., Murphy, R. A., & Dodge, K. A. (2017) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2017.1339359 · Cited by 13
Back to Stir It Up: Erectile Dysfunction in an Evolutionary, Developmental, and Clinical Perspective
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“In this regard, early attachment security positively correlates with later peer competence (see meta-analysis by Groh et al., 2014) and with positive social comparison (Irons & Gilbert, 2005); conversely, secure attachment inversely correlates with submissive behavior, anxiety, and depressive…”
Background
The Impact of Academic Press and Student Teacher Relationship on Childrens Emotional Adjustment
Ayuningtyas, F., Hartati, S., & Sumadi, T. (2019) · Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini · doi:10.31004/obsesi.v3i1.148 · Cited by 12
Children’s secure base script knowledge as a mediator between early life stress and later behavior problems
Ruiz, S. K., Waters, T. E. A., & Yates, T. M. (2019) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2019.1672079 · Cited by 15
“…between infant attachment security and lower rates of both internalizing and externalizing symptoms in childhood (Brumariu & Kerns, 2010; Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010; Groh et al., 2014; Groh, Roisman, van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Fearon, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
Overlapping genetic and environmental influences among men's alcohol consumption and problems, romantic quality and social support
Salvatore, J. E., Prom‐Wormley, E. C., Prescott, C. A., & Kendler, K. S. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171500029x · Cited by 12
“Early caregiving experiences, which predict both later peer competence (Groh et al. 2014) and externalizing spectrum behavior (Lorber & Egeland, 2009) may explain these effects.”
Background
Paternal and Maternal Attachment: A Multifaceted Perspective on Adolescents’ Friendship
Wong, T. K. Y., Konishi, C., & Cho, S. B. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01552-z · Cited by 16
Parent–Child Attachment in Early and Middle Childhood
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Peer relationships during late childhood in internationally adopted and institutionalized children
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Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Parent–Infant Interactions
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The Effect of Attachment Priming on State Attachment Security in Middle Childhood: The Moderating Roles of Trait Attachment and State Attachment Volatility
Cuyvers, B., Verhees, M. W. F. T., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Rowe, A. C., Ceulemans, E., & Bosmans, G. (2022) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316221099871 · Cited by 11
“Attachment security or insecurity (further referred to as attachment security) has mostly been approached as a rather stable phenomenon (Fraley, 2002), but several studies have suggested that attachment security substantially varies within subjects over time (Groh et al., 2014).”
Background
Mother-child attachment and social anxiety: Associations with friendship skills and peer competence of Arab children
Scharf, M., Kerns, K. A., Rousseau, S., & Kivenson-Baron, I. (2016) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034316631179 · Cited by 13
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Evaluating the efficacy of Circle of Security-Parenting as an addition to care-as-usual in families affected by maternal postpartum depression and/or infant social withdrawal: A randomized controlled trial
Stuart, A. C., Smith‐Nielsen, J., Egmose, I., Reijman, S., Lange, T., Wendelboe, K. I., Stougaard, M., & Væver, M. S. (2025) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579425000112 · Cited by 12
“Therefore, the quality of a child ’ s interactions and relationships with their primary caregivers has long-term implications for the child ’ s development and well-being (Fearon et al., 2010; Groh et al., 2012, 2014).”
A modified video-feedback intervention for carers of foster children aged 6 years and under with reactive attachment disorder: a feasibility study and pilot RCT
Oliveira, P., Stevens, E., Barge, L., Comyn, J., Langley, K. M. R., Ramchandani, P. G., Wright, B., Woolgar, M., Kennedy, E., Byford, S., et al. (2022) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/sliz1119 · Cited by 11
Attachment Styles and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis
MacNeil, S., Roderbourg, L., Orri, M., Geoffroy, M., McGrath, J. J., Renaud, J., & Gouin, J. (2023) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2023.42.4.323 · Cited by 10
Attachment and Children with Disabilities: Knowledge and Views of Early Intervention Professionals
Alexander, S. L., Frederico, M., & Long, M. (2018) · Children Australia · doi:10.1017/cha.2018.38 · Cited by 10
“39), did not diminish with time, and was influenced by neither the socio-economic status of the sample studied, nor the type of insecurity (Groh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Activation Relationship to Father and the Attachment Relationship to Mother in Children with Externalizing Behaviors and Receiving Psychiatric Care
Paquette, D., Cyr, C. P., Gaumon, S., St‐André, M., Émond‐Nakamura, M., Boisjoly, L., Stikarovska, I., Bisaillon, C., & Puentes‐Neuman, G. (2021) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint2010005 · Cited by 17
“Although boys generally have a higher externalizing behavior mean score than girls [38], no significant difference can be noted in our clinical sample.”
Background
Parent–Adolescent Attachment and Interpersonal Relationships in Sports Teams: Exploring the Gender Differences
Diaconu‐Gherasim, L. R., & Duca, D. S. (2017) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-017-9190-0 · Cited by 10
Attachment Disorganization in Infancy: A Developmental Precursor to Maladaptive Social Information Processing at Age 8
Zajac, L. A., Bookhout, M. K., Hubbard, J. A., Carlson, E. A., & Dozier, M. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13140 · Cited by 10
“These results are aligned with previous work suggesting that disorganized attachment may place children at even higher risk for negative peer relations than insecure attachment (e.g., Groh et al., 2014).”
Result

Authors: Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Steele, R. D., & Roisman, G. I.
Affiliations: ,
Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author: Groh, Ashley M.
ORCID: Groh, Ashley M.
Roisman, Glenn I.
Venue: Attachment & Human Development
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2014-02-18
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Pages: 103-136
ISSN: 1461-6734 (ISSN-L)
1469-2988
DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2014.883636
PMC: PMC4021853
OpenAlex: W1980337381
Cited by: 495
References: 131
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 8
FWCI: 48.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Attachment & Human Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
UNC Libraries
Funders: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (T32-HD07376)
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD007376)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords: attachment security, peer social competence, attachment avoidance, disorganized attachment, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, early attachment, child psychopathology
MeSH terms: Anomie, Child, Child, Preschool, Father-Child Relations, Female, Humans, Infant, Internal-External Control, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Peer Group, Personality Disorders, Social Adjustment, Reactive Attachment Disorder

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The significance of attachment security for children’s social competence with peers: a meta-analytic study

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