Effects of exposure to a to-be-shocked environment upon the rat’s freezing response: Evidence for facilitation, latent inhibition, and perceptual learning
Abstract
Three experiments used the freezing response of rats to examine the effects of pre-exposure to an environment upon (1) its associability with shock and (2) its discriminability from a second environment. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that freezing was proportional to the interval between exposure to the environment at time T1 and the occurrence of shock at T2. This function was shifted by pre-exposure to the to-be-shocked environment, with brief pre-exposures increasing (facilitation) and extended pre-exposures decreasing (latent inhibition) the impact of a given T1-T2 interval on freezing. Experiment 3 provided evidence that the facilitatory and latent inhibitory effects resulting from brief and extended exposures to the to-be-shocked environment were accompanied by an increase in discriminability. The results were taken to have supported the claim that pre-exposure changes associability as well as discriminability (Hall & Honey, 1989) and were discussed in terms of the model for perceptual learning proposed by McLaren, Kaye, and Mackintosh (1990).
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Longer context pre-exposure has a monotonic inhibitory effect on generalization across contexts.
“longer context pre-exposure has a monotonic inhibitory effect on generalization across contexts.”
From Predictive Representations: Building Blocks of Intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as Kiernan and Westbrook, 1993
Longer pre-exposure to the training context leads to less responding in the test context, indicating the learned association is not generalized.
“longer pre-exposure to the training context leads to less responding in the test context, indicating that the learned association is not generalized.”
From Predictive Representations: Building Blocks of Intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as Kiernan and Westbrook (1993)
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“Experiment 1 Although the context preexposure facilitation effect has been reported with several different procedures (e.g., Fanselow, 1990; Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993; Rudy et al., 2002; Stote & Fanselow, 2004), in some cases similar procedures have failed to demonstrate a facilitative effect of…”
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“Consistent with previous findings, brief pre-exposures facilitated context fear conditioning (Fanselow 1990; Kiernan and Westbrook 1993; Wiltgen et al. 2001).”
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“When normal animals are shocked immediately upon being placed in the conditioning chamber, they do not form a contextual fear response (immediate shock deficit – Fanselow, 1990; see also Frankland, Josselyn, et al., 2004; Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993; Matus-Amat et al., 2004).”
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“In conclusion, this work supports the idea that fear generalization depends not only on the similarity of environments, but also critically on the extent of initial learning (Kiernan and Westbrook, 1993; Westbrook et al., 1994).”
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“Finally, some studies using context conditioning have shown that a short preexposure to Context A may facilitate its conditioning and, at the same time, reduce generalization to Context B (e.g., Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993).”
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“Previous studies (e.g. Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993) have shown that this was suf® cient to produce a robust latent inhibition effect with the experimental parameters employed.”
MethodSelf-citationFalse context fear memory in ratsPreprint
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“However, this immediate shock deficit can be reduced if the rats have been pre-exposed to the conditioning context [40,41].”
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“Kiernan and Westbrook (1993) showed that there is an intriguing time course to these phenomena: A brief amount of preexposure facilitates subsequent learning, whereas extended preexposure to the environment inhibits further associative learning (Figure 3A).”
BackgroundMethodPevzner, A., & Guzowski, J. F. (2015) · Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · doi:10.1101/lm.035469.114 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Positive and negative affect produce opposing task-irrelevant stimulus preexposure effects.
Lazar, J. N., Kaplan, O., Sternberg, T., & Lubow, R. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0024867 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Perez-Villalba, A., Mackintosh, N., & Canales, J. J. (2008) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.08.017 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effects of context exposure during conditioning on conditioned taste aversions
Bills, C., Smith, S. M., Myers, N., & Schachtman, T. (2003) · Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03195997 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Fanselow (1990) and Kiernan and Westbrook (1993) have found that unsignaled footshocksadministered immediatelyafter placement of the rat in the context produce poorer context conditioning.”
BackgroundMcNally, G., & Westbrook, R. F. (2003) · Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.29.3.222 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous reports, the immediate footshock failed to condition fear to the context where it was delivered (Fanselow, 1990; Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993; but see Bevins, McPhee, Rauhut, & Ayres, 1997).”
ResultSelf-citationOne-trial context fear conditioning with immediate shock: The roles of transport and contextual cues
Bevins, R. A., Rauhut, A., Mcphee, J. E., & Ayres, J. (2000) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03200251 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…established that a short interval (0–15 sec) between box placement and shock is detrimental to context conditioning and that a longer interval (45–135 sec) is much more favorable (Bevins & Ayres, 1995; Fanselow, 1986, 1990; Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993; Maes & Vossen, 1992; Westbrook et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMcNally, G., Gorrisen, M. C., Low, L., & Westbrook, R. (1999) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03209978 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationThe conditions that regulate formation of a false fear memory in rats
Lingawi, N. W., Andrew, E., Laurent, V., Killcross, S., Westbrook, F. R., & Holmes, N. M. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.10.009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fournier, D. I., Todd, T. P., & Bucci, D. J. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107033 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Iordanova, M., & Honey, R. (2012) · Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes · doi:10.1037/a0028689 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
α2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition in the central amygdala blocks fear-conditioning
Holmes, N. M., Crane, J. W., Tang, M., Fam, J. P., Westbrook, R. F., & Delaney, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12115-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationDisruption of latent inhibition to a contextual stimulus with systemic amphetamine.
Norman, C., & Cassaday, H. (2004) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2004.04.002 · Cited by 8
“Whilst LI to contextual stimuli has previously been demonstrated in normal animals (e.g., Kiernan & Westbrook, 1993; Killcross, Kiernan, Dwyer, & Westbrook, 1998), the effects of AMP on LI to a contextual stimulus have not been directly tested.”
BackgroundThe entorhinal cortex is involved in conditioned odor and context aversions
Ferry, B., Herbeaux, K., Javelot, H., & Majchrzak, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00342 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kiernan, M. J., & Westbrook, R. F.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Westbrook, R. F.
- Venue
- The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1993-08
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 3b
- Pages
- 271-288
- ISSN
- 0272-4995 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-1321
- OpenAlex
- W2011279846
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- freezing response, pre-exposure, latent inhibition, facilitation, associative learning, discriminability, perceptual learning, rats, fear conditioning
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Association Learning, Behavior, Animal, Conditioning, Classical, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Electroshock, Immobilization, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Rats, Wistar, Rats
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