The share of violence attributable to drinking
Abstract
While analysts have differed on whether alcohol causes crime, the differences primarily reflect varying definitions of causation. At a population level, more drinking tends to lead to more violence, and less drinking to less. Estimates of the fraction of violence attributable to alcohol have been based both on individual-level and on population-level data. At the individual level, there seem to be cultural differences in the proportion of violent episodes involving drinking, although it is difficult to determine what proportion of these episodes should be attributed to alcohol. At the aggregate level, there are clear variations between different drinking cultures in the fraction of violence attributable to drinking, with the proportion higher in northern and eastern than in southern Europe. These cultural differences underline that there is no single invariant attributable fraction for alcohol's role in violence. The advantages and disadvantages of further individual- and aggregate-level studies are discussed. Suggestions are made for future lines of research on the connection between drinking and violence.
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The impact of alcohol use on violence is mediated by other variables, including culture.
“the impact of alcohol use on violence is mediated by other variables 342, 343, including by culture 344.”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [344]
The biggest difference in risk relations will probably be found in injury outcomes, as these depend more upon environment than disease.
“The biggest difference in risk relations will probably be found in injury outcomes, as these depend more upon environment than disease 311, 344.”
From The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update (2017) · cites this paper as [344]
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BackgroundThe neural correlates of alcohol-related aggression
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“…is associated with many forms of violence, including homicide, physical assault, sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and child abuse (Foran &O’Leary, 2008; Hoaken & Stewart, 2003; Murdoch & Ross, 1990; Quigley & Leonard, 2000; Room & Rossow, 2001; U.S. Department of Justice, 1998;WHO, 2006).”
BackgroundIndividual‐level interventions for alcohol‐related violence: A rapid evidence assessment
McMurran, M. (2011) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.821 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Population studies show that, as alcohol consumption increases, so too does violence, particularly in countries where drinking to intoxication is part of the prevailing pattern (Room & Rossow, 2001).”
Best practice in estimating the costs of alcohol: recommendations for future studies.
Møller, L. F., & Matić, S. (2010) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The effects of beverage type on homicide rates in Russia, 1970–2005
Stickley, A., & Razvodovsky, Y. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00310.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ramstedt, M., Leifman, H., Müller, D., Sundin, E., & Norström, T. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12069 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The link between alcohol and violence is well established [2].”
ALCOHOL AND HYPERTENSION: AN OLD RELATIONSHIP REVISITED
Tomson, J., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2005) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh223 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Apart from being linked to disease, alcohol is also associated with violent crime and aggression under certain circumstances (Room and Rossow, 2001).”
Alcohol and homicide in the United States: Is the link dependent on wetness?
Norström, T. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00295.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This has also been borne out in a large number of studies (for reviews, see Norström and Ramstedt [13] and Room and Rossow [2]).”
Brännström, L., Trolldal, B., & Menke, M. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206124 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
How Well Do Survey Studies Capture Alcohol's Harm to Others?
Rossow, I. M. (2015) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.4137/sart.s23503 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationThe high harm score of alcohol. Time for drug policy to be revisited?
van Amsterdam, J., & van den Brink, W. (2013) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112472559 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The frequency of violent acts, for example, sexual assault, child abuse, domestic violence and homicide, is clearly correlated with the quantity of alcohol consumed (Room and Rossow, 2001; Room et al., 2005).”
BackgroundThe use of epidemiology in alcohol research
Rossow, I. M., & Norström, T. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04031.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Social–Structural Correlates of Homicide in Late-Tsarist Russia
Stickley, A., & Pridemore, W. A. (2006) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azl033 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Developmental Sequences and Comorbidity of Substance Use and Violence
White, H. R., Jackson, K. M., & Loeber, R. (2009) · Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0245-0_21 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Durbeej, N., Elgán, T. H., Jalling, C., & Gripenberg, J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188284 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Is the Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Violence Relative to the Level of Consumption?
Bye, E. K., & Rossow, I. M. (2008) · Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention · doi:10.1080/14043850801896729 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The fact that the alcohol–violence link is not of a simple deterministic kind, but rather reflects a variety of complex underlying mechanisms (Room and Rossow 2001), would suggest that estimates of the alcohol–violence association could be very different under varying conditions.”
BackgroundSelf-citationA forensic-psychiatric study of sexual offenders in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Valença, A. M., Meyer, L. F., Freire, R. C. R., Mendlowicz, M. V., & Nardi, A. E. (2015) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2015.01.003 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Predictors of Aggression at School: The Effect of School-Related Alcohol Use
Finn, K. V., & Frone, M. R. (2003) · NASSP Bulletin · doi:10.1177/019263650308763605 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Petrie, D., Doran, C. M., Shakeshaft, A. P., & Sanson‐Fisher, R. (2009) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.10.022 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Radcliffe, P., d’Oliveira, A. F. P. L., Lea, S. J., Figueiredo, W. D. S., & Gilchrist, G. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12450 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Anxiety, alcohol intoxication, and aggression
McMurran, M. (2011) · Legal and Criminological Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8333.2011.02012.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Alcohol and violent and non-violent acquisitive offending
McMurran, M., & Cusens, B. (2005) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066350500096058 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This focus is eminently reasonable, given the strength of the association between intoxication and violence and the potentially devastating effects of violent behaviour (Room & Rossow, 2001; Rossow, 2001).”
BackgroundResultWeiss, D. B., Testa, A. M., & Santos, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/0022042617750579 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…levels (Bushman, 1997; Eisner, 2002; Graham & West, 2001; Hockin et al., 2017; Parker, 1998; Parker & Auerhahn, 1998; Pridemore & Chamlin, 2006; Room & Rossow, 2001; Rossow, 2001), substantially less research has examined which structural features of society may moderate this relationship at…”
BackgroundNajman, J. M., Plotnikova, M., Horwood, J., Silins, E., Fergusson, D., Patton, G. C., Olsson, C., Hutchinson, D. M., Degenhardt, L., Tait, R., et al. (2019) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21828 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evaluation of a treatment programme for alcohol‐related aggression
McCulloch, A., & McMurran, M. (2008) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.700 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Alcohol and Homicide in Europe
Bye, E. K. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0466-8_14 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Social Drinking and Aggression
Graham, K. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-382-8_14 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Relative Mortality among Criminals in Norway and the Relation to Drug and Alcohol Related Offenses
Skarðhamar, T., & Skirbekk, V. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078893 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“While addiction to drugs is related to a range of criminal behaviours, [23,30,31] a large proportion of all crimes are more directly drug-related [32].”
BackgroundAlcohol prevention at sporting events: study protocol for a quasi-experimental control group study
Durbeej, N., Elgán, T. H., Jalling, C., & Gripenberg, J. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3145-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“the amount of consumed alcohol and the level of intoxication [4, 5].”
Background[Social impact of abusive alcohol consumption in Spain: consumption, cost and policies].
Scandurra, R., García‐Altés, A., & Manel Nebot, Y. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.1590/s1135-57272011000200003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Overserving and Allowed Entry of Obviously Alcohol‐Intoxicated Spectators at Sporting Events
Elgán, T. H., Durbeej, N., Holder, H. D., & Gripenberg, J. (2017) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13563 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Breaking the Cycle of Violent Crime and Punishment: The Promise of Neuronormalization
Denson, T. F. (2020) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12076 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Social Policy and Psychoactive Substances
Room, R. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370624-9/50014-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Alcohol has long been seen, with good reason (Room and Rossow 2001), as a cause of violence both on the streets and in the family, and this view has played a major role in efforts at alcohol control (for present-day Britain, see Chatterton and Hollands 2003; Hobbs et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLightowlers, C. (2011) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/009145091103800202 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…and an increased risk of interpersonal assault has frequently been identified (see Matthews & Richardson, 2005; Finney, 2004; Shepherd, 1994; Room & Rossow, 2001), with violence being more common among those who drink large quantities on a single occasion and who drink to the point of…”
BackgroundResultAbrahamson, M. (2006) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/009145090603300102 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Researchers generally agree that aggressive behavior and alcohol use are related (Graham & West 2001); the nature of this relationship, however, remains in question (White & Hansell 1993; Room & Rossow 2001; Rossow, Pape & Wichstrom 1999).”
BackgroundMäkelä, P., & Warpenius, K. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13068 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Miller, P. G., Litherland, S., Zinkiewicz, L., Hayley, A., Burn, M., Smith, G., & Zhou, J. (2016) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2016.1184334 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Population studies suggest that as alcohol consumption increases, so too does violence (Norström& Pape, 2010), especially in regions where the prevailing pattern is “drinking to get drunk” (Morgan & McAtamney, 2009; Room & Rossow, 2001).”
BackgroundGender, alcohol and intimate partner violence: Qualitative comparative study
Holmila, M. J., Beccaria, F., Ibanga, A., Graham, K., Hettige, S. T., Magri, R., Munné, M. I., Plant, M. L., Rolando, S., & Tumwesigye, N. M. (2014) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.3109/09687637.2014.911245 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Violence often takes place within drinking circles, and population studies have shown that heavy drinkers are more likely to be victims of violence (Room & Rossow, 2001), including being victims of IPV (Graham, Bernards, Munné, & Wilsnack, 2008).”
BackgroundHaggård, U., Trolldal, B., Kvillemo, P., & Guldbrandsson, K. (2015) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1515/nsad-2015-0009 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The attributable fraction of assaults in Sweden has been estimated at around 50% (Norström, 1998; Room & Rossow, 2001).”
BackgroundMoan, I. S., Bye, E. K., & Rossow, I. M. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab124 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationCommunity-based prevention of alcohol-related injuries: Possibilities and experiences
Holmila, M. J., & Warpenius, K. (2013) · The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research · doi:10.7895/ijadr.v1i1.43 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Politics and science in classifying the dangers of drugs
Room, R., & Lubman, D. I. (2010) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmh.13.4.97 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In addition, the degree of danger may vary from one culture to another: there is evidence that alcohol has more to do with homicide in Scandinavia or Britain, for instance, than in Italy or Greece.(16) Besides these variations at cultural and contextual levels, there are also clear differences in individual responses…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTrolldal, B., Haggård, U., & Guldbrandsson, K. (2013) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-8-11 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Several studies in Sweden have shown that 75%–80% of the perpetrators of violent crimes were under the influence of alcohol at the time the crimes were committed [6], and the attributable fraction has been estimated at around 50% [2,5,6].”
BackgroundRisk of injury associated with alcohol and alcohol-related injury.
Ye, Y., CHERPITEL, C. J. S., Borges, G. L. G., Giesbrecht, N., Hungerford, D., Peden, M. M., Poznyak, V. B., Room, R., & Tockwell, T. (2009) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationComorbidity of Substance Use and Violence
WHITE, H. R., Conway, F. N., & Ward, J. H. (2019) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3_26 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lightowlers, C., Elliot, M. J., & Tranmer, M. (2014) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azu055 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…consumption and associated violence has been the focus of public, political and academic concern for several decades (see for example Strategy Unit 2004; HM Government 2012; Fagan 1990; Sumner and Parker 1995; Parker 2005; Measham 2006; Room and Rossow 2001; Järvinen and Room 2007 and WHO 2006).”
BackgroundMethodLightowlers, C. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1307408 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…chosen based on previous research that suggests assault is the most common form of violence perpetrated by young people (especially those aged 18– 24), in which excessive alcohol consumption often features (Room and Rossow, 2001; WHO, 2006; Cherpitel, Yu, Bond, Room, & Guilherme, 2012; ONS, 2015a).”
MethodResultLitherland, S., Miller, P., Droste, N., & Graham, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136769 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
McMurran, M. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12492 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social inequality in youth violence: The role of heavy episodic drinking
Norström, T., Rossow, I. M., & Pape, H. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12582 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“One important risk factor for violent behaviour is alcohol use [6].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlcohol and Aggressive Cognition
McMurran, M. (2007) · doi:10.1002/9780470746295.ch12 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Problem of Alcohol‐Related Violence: An Epidemiological and Public Health Perspective
Rossow, I. M., & Bye, E. K. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118411094.ch1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This has been shown with respect to physical violence, irrespective of subcategory (Room and Rossow, 2001 ), and with respect to domestic violence and intimate partner violence (Foran and O ’ Leary, 2008 ; Leonard, 2001 ).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Impact of History of Aggression and Alcohol Use on Aggressive: Responding in the Laboratory
Ritter, K., Lookatch, S. J., Schmidt, M. R., & Moore, T. M. (2019) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221819884328 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Has the Impact of Population Drinking on Harm become Weaker in Sweden?
Ramstedt, M. (2007) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.1177/1455072507024001s04 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A Profile of Self-Reported Alcohol-Related Violence in Ireland
Hope, A., & Mongan, D. (2011) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/009145091103800204 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“While drinking does not necessarily result in violent behavior, positive associations between consumption and rates of criminal violence have been observed (Room & Rossow, 2001).”
BackgroundAffordances for drinking alcohol: A non‐participant observation study in licensed premises
Hill, K. M., Pilling, M., & FOXCROFT, D. R. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2366 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…not only impacts the wider public health, but localised violence, crime and public disorder related to the nightlife economy have a widespread impact on local communities (P. Anderson, 2012; Cabinet Office, 2003, 2004; Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2013; Room & Rossow, 2001).”
Do Changes to the Alcohol Retail Environment Reduce Interpersonal Violence?
Mair, C., Sumetsky, N., Dougherty, M., & Thakar, M. S. (2022) · Current Epidemiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40471-022-00315-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Toçi, E., Çanaku, D., Bregu, A., Kakarriqi, E., Roshi, E., & Burazeri, G. (2014) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.2478/nsad-2014-0032 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Alcohol also contributes to a series of social harms, ranging from violence (Room & Rossow, 2001) to divorce (Leonard & Rothbard, 1999) and child abuse (Barber & Gilbertson, 1999).”
BackgroundSkader og problemer forbundet med bruk av alkohol, narkotika og tobakk
Storvoll, E. E., Rossow, I. M., Moan, I. S., Norstrom, T., Scheffels, J., & Lauritzen, G. O. (2010) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Room, R., & Rossow, I.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm University (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Substance Use
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 218-228
- ISSN
- 1465-9891 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-9942
- OpenAlex
- W2150068387
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Substance Use (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- alcohol-related violence, attributable fraction, alcohol-related crime, drinking culture, cultural differences
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