Six rapid assessments of alcohol and other substance use in populations displaced by conflict
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Substance use among populations displaced by conflict is a neglected area of public health. Alcohol, khat, benzodiazepine, opiate, and other substance use have been documented among a range of displaced populations, with wide-reaching health and social impacts. Changing agendas in humanitarian response-including increased prominence of mental health and chronic illness-have so far failed to be translated into meaningful interventions for substance use. METHODS: Studies were conducted from 2006 to 2008 in six different settings of protracted displacement, three in Africa (Kenya, Liberia, northern Uganda) and three in Asia (Iran, Pakistan, and Thailand). We used intervention-oriented qualitative Rapid Assessment and Response methods, adapted from two decades of experience among non-displaced populations. The main sources of data were individual and group interviews conducted with a culturally representative (non-probabilistic) sample of community members and service providers. RESULTS: Widespread use of alcohol, particularly artisanally-produced alcohol, in Kenya, Liberia, Uganda, and Thailand, and opiates in Iran and Pakistan was believed by participants to be linked to a range of health, social and protection problems, including illness, injury (intentional and unintentional), gender-based violence, risky behaviour for HIV and other sexually transmitted infection and blood-borne virus transmission, as well as detrimental effects to household economy. Displacement experiences, including dispossession, livelihood restriction, hopelessness and uncertain future may make communities particularly vulnerable to substance use and its impact, and changing social norms and networks (including the surrounding population) may result in changed - and potentially more harmful-patterns of use. Limited access to services, including health services, and exclusion from relevant host population programmes, may exacerbate the harmful consequences. CONCLUSIONS: The six studies show the feasibility and value of conducting rapid assessments in displaced populations. One outcome of these studies is the development of a UNHCR/WHO field guide on rapid assessment of alcohol and other substance use among conflict-affected populations. More work is required on gathering population-based epidemiological data, and much more experience is required on delivering effective interventions. Presentation of these findings should contribute to increased awareness, improved response, and more vigorous debate around this important but neglected area.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Misuse of alcohol and drugs is a neglected problem.
“alcohol and drug misuse are neglected issues”
From Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research (2011) · cites this paper as [87]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., Steffanowski, A., van Marwijk, H., Hiller, W., & Lambert, M. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010628.pub2 · Cited by 11,361 · see citing works
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
van der Sande, M. A. B., Walraven, G. E. L., Milligan, P. J., BANYA, W. A. S., CEESAY, S. M., Nyan, O. A., & McAdam, K. P. W. J. (2001) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · Cited by 7,097 · see citing works
Rehm, J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y., & Patra, J. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60746-7 · Cited by 3,870 · see citing works
Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries
Jamison, D., Mosley, W. H., Measham, A., & Bobadilla, J. L. (1993) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/0-1952-0990-7 · Cited by 3,714 · see citing works
Disease control priorities in developing countries
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-0343 · Cited by 3,635 · see citing works
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
Frick, K. D., Lynch, M. C., West, S. K., Muñoz, B., & Mkocha, H. A. (2003) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · Cited by 2,656 · see citing works
Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1132 · Cited by 2,246 · see citing works
Methadone maintenance therapy versus no opioid replacement therapy for opioid dependence
Mattick, R. P., Breen, C., Kimber, J., & Davoli, M. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002209.pub2 · Cited by 1,654 · see citing works
Room, R., Babor, T., & Rehm, J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17870-2 · Cited by 1,625 · see citing works
Disease control priorities in developing countries
Frenk, J. M. (2006) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342006000600011 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol
Anderson, P., Chisholm, D., & Fuhr, D. C. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60744-3 · Cited by 1,102 · see citing works
Rehm, J., Room, R., Graham, K., Monteiro, M., Gmel, G., & Sempos, C. T. (2003) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00467.x · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Risk environments and drug harms: a social science for harm reduction approach
Rhodes, T. (2009) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.10.003 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users
Rhodes, T., Singer, M., Bourgois, P., Friedman, S. R., & Strathdee, S. A. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.024 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Lifetime Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 4 Postconflict Settings
de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.5.555 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
Jacobsen, K., & Landau, L. B. (2003) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/1467-7717.00228 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Bolton, P., Bass, J., Betancourt, T., Speelman, L., Onyango, G., Clougherty, K. F., Neugebauer, R., Murray, L., & Verdeli, H. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.5.519 · Cited by 589 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Growing interest in the mental health of populations displaced by conflict in recent years has provided little insight into substance use: most of the work focuses on post-traumatic stress disorder and depression [8-20].”
BackgroundWessells, M. (2010) · 57th Annual Meeting (October 26-31, 2010) · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Room, R., Babor, T. F., & Rehm, J. T. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)70276-2 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
MaruÅ¡iÄ, M., & MaruÅ¡iÄ, A. (2014) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137351197.0020 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response
McConnan, I. (2000) · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Mollica, R. F. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.5.433 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Mollica, R. F. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510050047025 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Disability in Postwar Afghanistan
Cardozo, B. L. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.5.575 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Effectiveness of needle-exchange programmes for prevention of HIV infection
Hurley, S. F., Jolley, D. J., & Kaldor, J. M. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)11380-5 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Catani, C., Jacob, N., Schauer, E., Kohila, M., & Neuner, F. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-33 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Attitudes of Kosovar Albanians Following the War in Kosovo
Cardozo, B. L. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.5.569 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Mental Health Symptoms Following War and Repression in Eastern Afghanistan
Scholte, W. F. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.5.585 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Health-care needs of people affected by conflict: future trends and changing frameworks
Spiegel, P. B., Checchi, F., Colombo, S., & Paik, E. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61873-0 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
The Principles of Addiction Medicine
Karch, S. B. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420054446-5 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Reducing harm from alcohol: call to action
Casswell, S., & Thamarangsi, T. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60745-5 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Lebanon: First Onset, Treatment, and Exposure to War
Karam, E. G., Mneimneh, Z., Dimassi, H. I., Fayyad, J. A., Karam, A., Nasser, S. C., Chatterji, S., & Kessler, R. C. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050061 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Principles of Addiction Medicine
Matthews, A. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.1.112-b · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Drucker, E. (2004) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-1-1 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Violence, suffering, and mental health in Afghanistan: a school-based survey
Panter‐Brick, C., Eggerman, M., Gonzalez, V., & Safdar, S. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61080-1 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Qualitative research methods within the addictions
Neale, J., Allen, D., & Coombes, L. (2005) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01230.x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Young, H., & Harvey, P. (2004) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/j.0361-3666.2004.00245.x · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Khat use as risk factor for psychotic disorders: A cross-sectional and case-control study in Somalia
Odenwald, M. G., Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Elbert, T. R., Catani, C., Lingenfelder, B., Hinkel, H., Häfner, H., & Rockstroh, B. S. (2005) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-3-5 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
The Prevention of Substance Use, Risk and Harm in Australia: A Review of the Evidence
LOXLEY, W. M., Toumbourou, J. W., Stockwell, T. R., Haines, B., Scott, K., Godfrey, C., Waters, E., Patton, G. C., Fordham, R. J., Gray, D. A., et al. (2004) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e677772010-001 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Intoxication and bad behaviour: understanding cultural differences in the link
Room, R. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00330-0 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Roberts, B., Damundu, E. Y., Lomoro, O., & Sondorp, E. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-7 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The share of violence attributable to drinking
Room, R., & Rossow, I. (2001) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/146598901753325048 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Ethics of research in refugee populations
Leaning, J. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04572-4 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Trotter, R. T., Needle, R. H., Goosby, E., Bates, C. J., & Singer, M. C. (2001) · Field Methods · doi:10.1177/1525822x0101300202 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Friedman, S. R., Rossi, D., & Braine, N. (2008) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.10.006 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Needle, R. H., Trotter, R. T., Singer, M. C., Bates, C. J., Page, J. B., Metzger, D. S., & Marcelin, L. H. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.6.970 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Schiff, M. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.10.016 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Among Bereaved Survivors of a Disastrous Earthquake in Taiwan
Kuo, C., Tang, H., Tsay, C.-J., Lin, S., Hu, W.-H., & Chen, C.-C. (2003) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.54.2.249 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Religiosity and Teen Drug Use Reconsidered
Bartkowski, J. P., & Xu, X. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.03.001 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Rapid assessment, injecting drug use, and public health
Rhodes, T., Stimson, G. V., Fitch, C., Ball, A. S., & Renton, A. M. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)07612-0 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
High HCV seroprevalence and HIV drug use risk behaviors among injection drug users in Pakistan.
Kuo, I. C., Hasan, S. U., Galai, N., Thomas, D. L., Zafar, T., Ahmed, M., & Strathdee, S. A. (2006) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-3-26 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence in displaced persons.
Kozarić‐Kovačić, D., Ljubin, T., & Grappe, M. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 88 · see citing works
HIV Knowledge and Risk Behaviors Among Pakistani and Afghani Drug Users in Quetta, Pakistan
Zafar, T., Brahmbhatt, H., Imam, G., Hassan, S. U., & Strathdee, S. A. (2003) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200304010-00008 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Torture and trauma in post-conflict East Timor
Modvig, J. S., Pagaduan-Lopez, J., Rodenburg, J., Salud, C., Cabigon, R., & Panelo, C. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03218-9 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Khmer Adolescent Project: III. A Study of Trauma from Thailand's Site II Refugee Camp
SAVIN, D., Sack, W. H., Clarke, G. N., MEAS, N., & RICHART, I. M. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199603000-00021 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Rise in needle sharing among injection drug users in Pakistan during the Afghanistan war
Strathdee, S. A., Zafar, T., Brahmbhatt, H., Baksh, A., & Hassan, S. U. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00072-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mollica, R. F. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.270.5.581 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Westermeyer, J. J. (1982) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520311107 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Can rapid anthropological procedures be applied to tropical diseases?
Manderson, L. H., & Aaby, P. (1992) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/7.1.46 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Rapid assessment and response: methods for developing public health responses to drug problems
Stimson, G. V., Fitch, C., Rhodes, T., & Ball, A. L. (1999) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595239996464 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Puertas, G., Ríos, C., & Valle, H. D. (2006) · Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública · doi:10.1590/s1020-49892006001000005 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Medical Interventions following Natural Disasters: Missing out on Chronic Medical Needs
Chan, E., & Sondorp, E. (2007) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/101053950701901s08 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Stimson, G. V., Fitch, C., Jarlais, D. C. D., Poznyak, V. B., Perlis, T. E., Oppenheimer, E., & Rhodes, T. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2003.035899 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationHousehold Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity in Cambodia
Dubois, V., Tonglet, R., Hoyois, P., Sunbaunat, K., Roussaux, J.-P., & Hauff, E. (2004) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764004043125 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Complex Emergencies, HIV, and Substance Use: No “Big Easy” Solution
Strathdee, S. A., Stachowiak, J. A., Todd, C. S., Al‐Delaimy, W. K., Wiebel, W. W., Hankins, C. A., & Patterson, T. L. (2006) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080600848116 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fitch, C., Stimson, G. V., Rhodes, T., & Poznyak, V. B. (2004) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.02.028 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
An Epidemic of Opium Dependence Among Asian Refugees in Minnesota: characteristics and causes
Westermeyer, J. J., Lyfoung, T., & Neider, J. (1989) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03058.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Needs assessments for international humanitarian health assistance in disasters
von Schreeb, J. (2007) · Figshare · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Drug use and drug markets in the context of political conflict: The case of Northern Ireland
McElrath, K. (2004) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066350412331323056 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Origins of an epidemic: the methodological and political emergence of rapid assessment
Fitch, C., Rhodes, T., & Stimson, G. V. (2000) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/s0955-3959(99)00056-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Rodger, A. J., Toole, M., Lalnuntluangi, B., Muana, V., & Deutschmann, P. W. (2002) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Affinnih, Y. H. (2002) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-120002479 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Poppies, Pipes, and People: Opium and Its Use in Laos
Halpern, J. M. (1986) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/1786 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Todd, C. S., Abed, A. M. S., Strathdee, S. A., Scott, P. T., Botros, B. A. M., Safi, N., & Earhart, K. C. (2007) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/1752-1505-1-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sohn, A., & Chun, S. (2007) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/10105395070190020801 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Suicide rate after the 1991–1995 War in Southwestern Croatia
Bosnar, A., Stemberga, V., Cuculić, D., Zamolo, G., Štifter, S., & Čoklo, M. (2004) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2004.03.001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Todd, C. S., Stibich, M., Stanekzai, M. R., RASULI, M. Z., Bayan, S., Wardak, S. R., & Strathdee, S. A. (2008) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.11.022 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rhodes, T., Fitch, C., & Stimson, G. V. (2002) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Šantić, Ž., Lukić, A., Sesar, D., Milicević, S., & Ilakovac, V. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rapid assessment in the drugs field
Rhodes, T., Fitch, C., Stimson, G. V., & Kumar, M. S. (2000) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/s0955-3959(99)00066-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mental Health Outcome Of Unilateral Lower Limb Amputee Soldiers In Two Districts Of Sri Lanka
Gunawardena, N. S., Senevirathne, R. D. A., & Athauda, T. (2007) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764006075029 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Understanding the causes of gender-based violence.
Ondeko, R., & Purdin, S. (2004) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hall, W., Doran, C. M., Degenhardt, L. J., & Shepard, D. S. (2006) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Drug Consumption in Conflict Zones in Somalia
Bhui, K. S., & Warfa, N. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040354 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
War and Suicidal Deaths by Explosives in Southwestern Croatia
Bosnar, A., Stemberga, V., Čoklo, M., Grgurević, E., Zamolo, G., Ćućić, T., & Nunno, N. R. D. (2006) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.06.007 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The legacy of a community mobilisation project to reduce alcohol related harm
Midford, R., Wayte, K. J., Catalano, P., GUPTA, R., & Chikritzhs, T. N. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230500124933 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Public Health Aspects of a Refugee Camp
Dyke, T. (1991) · Journal of the Royal Society of Health · doi:10.1177/146642409111100306 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Rossow, I. M., & Room, R. (2000) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The role of rapid assessment methods in drug use epidemiology
Finch, C. F., Rhodes, T., Hope, V. D., Stimson, G. V., & Renton, A. M. (2002) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
[Effect of the war and postwar events on risk behavior in middle-school students].
Jakić, M., Jarić-Klinovski, Z., Leko, V., & Jakić, M. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Greig, A., & Kershnar, S. (2000) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/s0955-3959(99)00046-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
[Relation between benzodiazepine abuse and trauma].
Bjelošević, E., Hadžikapetanović, H., Loga, S., Hodzić, M., Skelić, D., & Savarimooto, B. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder
Rončević-Gržeta, I., Moro, L., Frančišković, T., Ruzic, T., Smokvina, B., & Nikolic, N. (2002) · Primary Care and Community Psychiatry · doi:10.1185/135525702125000930 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Rehm J Room R Graham K Monteiro M Gmel G Sempos CT The relationship of average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking to burden of disease: an overview Addiction 2003 98 1209 1228 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00467.x 12930209 · DOI · Paper page
- Jacobsen K The Economic Life of Refugees 2005 West Hartford: Kumarian Press
- Hoffman P Weiss TG Barnett M, Weiss TG Humanitarianism and practitioners: Social science matters Humantarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics 2008 Ithaca: Cornell University Press 264 285
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research
Tol, W. A., Barbui, C., Galappatti, A., Silove, D., Betancourt, T. S., Souza, R., Golaz, A., & van Ommeren, M. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61094-5 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Substance Use among Forced Migrants: A Global Systematic Review
Horyniak, D., Melo, J. S., Farrell, R. M., Ojeda, V. D., & Strathdee, S. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159134 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder in a sample of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
Kazour, F., Zahreddine, N., Maragel, M., Almustafa, M. A., Soufia, M., Haddad, R. S., & Richa, S. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.007 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Kane, J. C., Ventevogel, P., Spiegel, P., Bass, J. K., van Ommeren, M., & Tol, W. A. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0228-9 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The intergenerational effects of war on the health of children
Devakumar, D., Birch, M., Osrin, D., Sondorp, E., & Wells, J. C. K. (2014) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-12-57 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Haroz, E. E., Murray, L. K., Bolton, P. A., Betancourt, T. S., & Bass, J. (2013) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00802.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Tran, B. X., Nguyễn, L. T., Duy, C., Nguyen, Q. L., & Maher, R. M. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-27 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Lo, J., Patel, P., Shultz, J. M., Ezard, N., & Roberts, B. (2017) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1289411 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationIsmail, S. A., Abbara, A., Collin, S. M., Orcutt, M., Coutts, A. P., Maziak, W., Sahloul, Z., Dar, O., Corrah, T., & Fouad, F. M. (2016) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.011 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Alemi, Q., Panter‐Brick, C., Oriya, S., Ahmady, M., Alimi, A. Q., Faiz, H., Hakim, N., Hashemi, S. A. S., Manaly, M. A., Naseri, R., et al. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2023.502 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Warren, E. A., Post, N., Hossain, M., Blanchet, K., & Roberts, B. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008226 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Seguin, M., & Roberts, B. (2015) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2015.1107117 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
A “refugee paradox” for substance use disorders?
Salas‐Wright, C. P., & Vaughn, M. G. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.008 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Providing surgery in a war-torn context: the Médecins Sans Frontières experience in Syria
Trelles, M., Dominguez, L. B., Tayler‐Smith, K., Kisswani, K., Zerboni, A., Vandenborre, T., Dallatomasina, S., Rahmoun, A., & Ferir, M.-C. (2015) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-015-0064-3 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cohen, D. K. (2017) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343317713559 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Weissbecker, I., Hanna, F., El Shazly, M., Gao, J., & Ventevogel, P. (2019) · An Uncertain Safety · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72914-5_6 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Luitel, N. P., Jordans, M. J. D., Murphy, A., Roberts, B., & McCambridge, J. (2013) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt009 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Family and community driven response to intimate partner violence in post-conflict settings
Kohli, A., Perrin, N., Remy, M. M., Banywesize, L., Mirindi, A. B., Banywesize, J. H., Mitima, C. M., Binkurhorhwa, A. K., Bufole, N. M., & Glass, N. E. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.011 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Conflict and Health: seven years of advancing science in humanitarian crises
Ratnayake, R., Degomme, O., Roberts, B., & Spiegel, P. B. (2014) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/1752-1505-8-7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Tol, W. A., Rees, S. J., & Silove, D. M. (2013) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796013000188 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Greene, M. C., Kane, J. C., Khoshnood, K., Ventevogel, P., & Tol, W. A. (2018) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-018-0267-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A systematic review of qualitative research on substance use among refugees
Saleh, E. A., Lazaridou, F. B., Klapprott, F., Wazaify, M., Heinz, A., & Kluge, U. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16021 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tol, W. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2012) · Evidence Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2012-100644 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gender-Based Violence and Armed Conflict
Mootz, J. J., Stabb, S. D., & Mollen, D. (2017) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684317705086 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mootz, J. J., Muhanguzi, F. K., Panko, P., Mangen, P. O., Wainberg, M. L., Pinsky, I., & Khoshnood, K. (2018) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-018-0173-x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Violent conflict and opiate use in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review
Jack, H. E., Masterson, A. R., & Khoshnood, K. (2013) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.11.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Fahme, S. A., Sieverding, M., & Abdulrahim, S. (2021) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01170-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Alcohol and substance use in humanitarian and post-conflict situations
Hanna, F. (2017) · Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal · doi:10.26719/2017.23.3.231 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gebrecherkos, K., Gebremariam, B., Worku, A. G., Syum, H., Kahsay, G., & Abay, M. (2018) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3956-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Michalopoulos, L., Aifah, A. A., & El‐Bassel, N. (2015) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1014-1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Todd, C. S., Nasir, A., Stanekzai, M. R., Fiekert, K., Rasuli, M., Vlahov, D., & Strathdee, S. A. (2011) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-8-22 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Murphy, A., Chikovani, I., Uchaneishvili, M., Makhashvili, N., & Roberts, B. (2018) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-018-3113-y · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mehta, P., Saia, K., Mody, D., Crosby, S. S., Raj, A., Maru, S., & Piwowarczyk, L. A. (2017) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-017-0659-4 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Opiate use, treatment, and harm reduction in Afghanistan: Recent changes and future directions
Todd, C. S., Macdonald, D., Khoshnood, K., Mansoor, G. F., Eggerman, M., & Panter‐Brick, C. (2012) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.05.004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationAmone-P'Olak, K., Ovuga, E., Croudace, T., Jones, P., & Abbott, R. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0873-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Connecting Refugees to Substance Use Treatment: A Qualitative Study
McCleary, J. S., Shannon, P. J., & Cook, T. L. (2015) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2015.1087906 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Kidman, R. C., Palermo, T., & Bertrand, J. T. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.034 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dance/Movement therapy and resilience building with female asylum seekers and refugees
Verreault, K. (2017) · Intervention · doi:10.1097/wtf.0000000000000150 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Koegler, E., & Kennedy, C. E. (2018) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-018-0156-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Visceral leishmaniasis in Somalia: A review of epidemiology and access to care
Sunyoto, T., Potet, J., & Boelaert, M. (2017) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005231 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ezard, N. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.863343 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationLogie, C. H., Okumu, M., Malama, K., Mwima, S., Hakiza, R., Kiera, U. M., & Kyambadde, P. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006583 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Damiri, B. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00183-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Falb, K., McCormick, M. C., Hemenway, D., Anfinson, K., & Silverman, J. G. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1230-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Koegler, E., Kennedy, C. E., Mrindi, J., Bachunguye, R., WINCH, P. J., Ramazani, P., Tosha, M., & Glass, N. E. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218778378 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
A systematic review of substance use and substance use disorder research in Kenya
Jaguga, F., Kiburi, S. K., Temet, E., Barasa, J., Karanja, S., Kinyua, L., & Kwobah, E. K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269340 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Why Would Khat Chewers Quit? An In-Depth, Qualitative Study on Saudi Khat Quitters
Alsanusy, R., & El‐Setouhy, M. (2013) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2013.783526 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Suarez, E. B. (2013) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/1752-1505-7-21 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Kim, I. (2018) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/aap0000103 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Banerjee, A., Somasundaram, I., Das, D., Manoj, S. J., Banu, H., Suresh, P. M., Paul, S., Bişgin, A., Zhang, H., Sun, X., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15112631 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Risky alcohol use among reproductive-age men, not women, in Mae La refugee camp, Thailand, 2009
Ezard, N., Thiptharakun, S., Nosten, F. H., Rhodes, T., & McGready, R. M. (2012) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/1752-1505-6-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationGlass, N. E., Kohli, A., Surkan, P. J., Remy, M. M., & Perrin, N. (2018) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.10 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Spiller, T. R., Liddell, B. J., Schick, M., Morina, N., Schnyder, U., Pfaltz, M. C., Bryant, R. A., & Nickerson, A. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22371 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Revitalizing the HIV response in Pakistan: A systematic review and policy implications
Singh, S., Ambrosio, M., Semini, I., Tawil, O., Saleem, M., Imran, M. S., & Beyrer, C. (2013) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.05.011 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Fischer, L. C., Kölligan, V., Wieland, N., & Klein, M. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.557431 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The effect of prenatal stress on cooperation: Evidence from violent conflict in Uganda
Cecchi, F., & Duchoslav, J. (2017) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.09.015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Deilamizade, A., Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A., Mohammadian, A., & Puyan, D. (2019) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2018.1556764 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Alexandre, A. B., & Mutondo, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2021.1949500 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Skylstad, V., Nalugya, J., Skar, A. S., Opesen, C. C., Ndeezi, G., Okello, E. S., Moland, K. M., Engebretsen, I. M. S., & Tumwine, J. K. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13140-w · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hertner, L., Stylianopoulos, P., Heinz, A., Kluge, U., Schäfer, I., & Penka, S. (2023) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-023-00499-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lai, L. (2014) · Medicine Conflict & Survival · doi:10.1080/13623699.2014.917356 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Todd, C. S., Nasir, A., Stanekzai, M. R., Fiekert, K., Sipsma, H. L., Vlahov, D., & Strathdee, S. A. (2015) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-015-0056-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Priorities for addressing substance use disorder in humanitarian settings
Greene, M. C., Haddad, S., Busse, A., Ezard, N., Ventevogel, P., Demis, L. Y., Inoue, S., Gumm, J.-C., Campello, G., Tol, W. A., et al. (2021) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-021-00407-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMukhtar, F., & Butt, Z. A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207148 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Laslett, A., Jiang, H., Kuntsche, S., Stanesby, O., Wilsnack, S. C., Sundin, E., Waleewong, O., Greenfield, T. K., Graham, K., & Bloomfield, K. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107949 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Armed Conflict, Substance Use and HIV: A Global Analysis
Kerridge, B. T., Saha, T. D., & Hasin, D. S. (2015) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1161-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Displaced and forgotten child refugees: A humanitarian crisis
Murray, J. S. (2015) · Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1111/jspn.12133 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
McCleary, J. S., & Wieling, E. A. (2016) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcw076 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mwaka, A. D., Okello, E. S., Abbo, C., Odwong, F. O., Olango, W. O., Etolu, W., Oriyabuzu, R., Lagoro, D. K., Mutamba, B. B., Idro, R., et al. (2015) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1323-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The remarkable stability of fertility desires during the Colombian armed conflict 2000–2016
Svallfors, S. (2021) · Population Space and Place · doi:10.1002/psp.2514 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mengistu, N., Madoro, D., & Molla, W. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s338073 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Interrelationships of Forced Migration, Fertility and Reproductive Health
Agadjanian, V. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Corbin, J. N. (2019) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/fez015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Corbin, J. N., & Hall, J. C. (2018) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/0020872818755863 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Prevalence of and risk factors for substance use among Afghan refugees in Iran: An exploratory study
Naseh, M., Wagner, E. F., Abtahi, Z., Potocky, M., & Zahedi, L. (2019) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2019.1571976 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pullen, S. J., & Petruzzi, L. J. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health & Psychiatry · doi:10.4172/2471-4372.1000116 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
You, N., Pan, H., Zeng, Y., Lü, P., Zhu, L., Lu, W., Liu, Q., & Martínez, L. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90664-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Informing HIV prevention efforts targeting Liberian youth: a study using the PLACE method in Liberia
McCarraher, D. R., Chen, M., Wambugu, S., Sortijas, S., Succop, S., Aiyengba, B., Okigbo, C. C., & Pack, A. P. (2013) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/1742-4755-10-54 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Im, H., & George, N. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00472-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lange, B. C. L., Pullen, S. J., Petruzzi, L. J., Parnarouskis, L., Dómínguez, S., Harris, B. L., Quiterio, N., Fernandez, P. J., Lekpeh, G. G., Slopadoe, S., et al. (2018) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2018.1425517 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Todd, C. S., Nasir, A., Stanekzai, M. R., Fiekert, K., Sipsma, H. L., Strathdee, S. A., & Vlahov, D. (2015) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.07.014 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Journey Without Planned Destination: Traumatic Transmigration Experiences of Refugee Children
Meda, L. (2016) · Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l integration et de la migration internationale · doi:10.1007/s12134-016-0477-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Substance use among refugees in three Lebanese camps: A cross-sectional study
Abbas, Z. H., Eiden, C., Salameh, P., & Peyrière, H. (2021) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103204 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Amone‐P’Olak, K., Otim, B. N., Opio, G., Ovuga, E., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2014) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246314556567 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Makoha, G., & Denov, M. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1232504 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hutchinson, A. J., Waterhouse, P., March‐McDonald, J., Neal, S., & Ingham, R. (2017) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-017-0117-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ekezie, W. C., Myles, P. R., Murray, R. L., Bains, M., Timmons, S., & Pritchard, C. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa114 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Inequity and benefit incidence analysis in healthcare use among Syrian refugees in Egypt
Fares, H., & Puig‐Junoy, J. (2021) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-021-00416-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A Pilot Study of a Teen Dating Violence Prevention Program With Karen Refugees
Ravi, K. E., Black, B. M., Mitschke, D. B., & Pearson, K. (2018) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801218804091 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wazaify, M., Abushams, L., Al-Afifi, M., Kewley, S., Quigg, Z., Whitfield, M., McVeigh, J., & Hout, M. C. V. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00293-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Marlow, H. M., Maman, S., Moodley, D., & Curtis, S. (2013) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2013.815753 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nagoshi, J. L., Nagoshi, C. T., Small, E., Okumu, M., Marsiglia, F. F., Dustman, P. A., & Than, K.-C. (2018) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.1086/701518 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Alcohol: from Mesopotamia to Modern Iraq
Ansari, M. A., Dawson, A. J., & Conigrave, K. (2019) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2019.1657541 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Risk Factors for and Consequences of Substance Use in Post-Conflict Liberia: A Qualitative Study
Prust, M. L., Curry, L. A., Callands, T. A., Drakes, J., McLean, K. E., Harris, B. L., & Hansen, N. B. (2017) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-017-0154-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Alcohol and Drug Misuse Interventions in Conflict-Affected Populations
Greene, M. C., Kane, J. C., Krawczyk, N., Brown, F. L., Murray, L. K., Khoshnood, K., & Tol, W. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97046-2_11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hout, M. C. V., Aaraj, E., & Maalouf, W. E. (2020) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102931 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Aaraj, E., Haddad, P., Khalife, S., Fawaz, M. A., & Hout, M. C. V. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00714-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kerridge, B. T., Khan, M. R., Rehm, J. T., & Sapkota, A. (2013) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2013.10.003 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Noah, J.-P. Y. A., Ndié, J., Muluh, C., Kana, R., Ndongo, F. A., Tabala, F. N., Anoubissi, J. D. D., Tedongmo, M. G., Wepnyu, Y. N., Bonyohe, M. G., et al. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23736-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ezard, N., Oppenheimer, E., Burton, A., Schilperoord, M., Macdonald, D., Adelekan, M., Sakarati, A., & van Ommeren, M.
- Affiliations
- Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (CH)
- Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Schilperoord, Marian
- Venue
- Conflict and Health
- Published
- 2011-02-11
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-1
- ISSN
- 1752-1505 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3050731
- OpenAlex
- W2112278442
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Conflict and Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Conflict Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- alcohol consumption, substance use, internally displaced persons, protracted displacement, humanitarian response, opiates, khat, benzodiazepines, HIV risk behavior, gender-based violence, household economy, health care access, rapid assessment, social norms, Kenya, Liberia, Northern Uganda, Iran, Pakistan, Thailand
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
