Differentiating maternal sensitivity to infant distress and non-distress
Open accessAbstract
Drawing from a domain specificity perspective, we assert that maternal sensitivity to infant distress cues is distinct from maternal sensitivity to non-distress cues. We review evidence from prior research demonstrating that the two constructs have more unshared than shared variance and that sensitivity to infant distress is a unique predictor of infants' early emotional well-being when both types of sensitivity are examined as simultaneous predictors. In addition, we present new evidence to test the hypothesis that maternal sensitivity to infant distress and non-distress have different origins. We draw on data from a subset of mothers and infants who participated in Phase I of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care (Study 1) and from 101 mother-infant dyads who participated in a longitudinal study of the origins of maternal sensitivity (Study 2). In both studies, maternal sensitivity to distress and non-distress were rated when infants were 6 months old. In both studies, socio-demographic risk (i.e., young, unmarried, low income mothers) was a stronger predictor of sensitivity to non-distress than of sensitivity to distress. In Study 2, mothers' emotional and cognitive responses to videotapes of crying infants during the prenatal period predicted maternal sensitivity during tasks designed to elicit infant fear and frustration but were unrelated to maternal sensitivity in a non-arousing free play context. Maternal sensitivity during infancy can be further divided into specific sub-types that have unique origins and unique effects on subsequent child well-being. Methodological, theoretical, and applied implications of such an approach are discussed.
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Previous research has differentiated types of caregiving based on the context of the child's emotional state, that is, distress versus non-distress.
“Previous research (Bernard et al., 2013; Davidov & Grusec, 2006; E. Leerkes, Blankson, & O’Brien, 2009; E. M. Leerkes et al., 2012) has differentiated types of caregiving based on the context of the child’s emotional state (i.e., distress versus child non-distress).”
From The neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments (2019) · cites this paper as E. M. Leerkes et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Leerkes, E. M., Weaver, J. M., & O'Brien, M.
- Affiliations
- a Human Development and Family Studies , University of North Carolina , PO Box 26170, Greensboro , NC , 27402-6170 , USA
- Boise State University (US)
- c The University of North Carolina , Greensboro
- Corresponding author
- Leerkes, Esther M.
- ORCID
- Leerkes, Esther M.
- Venue
- Parenting
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-04-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 175-184
- ISSN
- 1529-5192 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7922
- PMC
- PMC3393126
- OpenAlex
- W2171263077
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Parenting (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
- Scholar Works (Boise State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R03HD048691)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Infant Health and Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- maternal sensitivity, infant distress, domain specificity, mother-infant dyads, NICHD Study of Early Child Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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