The neglect–enrichment continuum: Characterizing variation in early caregiving environments
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- Findingown data
Maternal touch in the SFP-R showed no correlation with linguistic stimulation (r(61) = −.10, 95% CI [−.34, .15], p = .414).
“Maternal touch during the SFP-R and linguistic stimulation were not correlated (r(61) = −.10, 95% CI [−.34, .15], p = .414)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The IRI fantasy and empathic concern subscales showed no correlation with maternal touch or linguistic stimulation (rs < |.20|).
“Whereas the fantasy and empathic concern subscales of the IRI were not correlated with either maternal touch during the SFP-R nor linguistic stimulation (rs < |.20|)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The proportion of interaction time spent touching ranged from 5% to 98%.
“touch ranged from 5% to 98% of the interaction”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Maternal sensitivity showed no association with linguistic stimulation (r(62) = −.16, 95% CI [−.39, .09], p = .197).
“nor linguistic stimulation (r(62) = −.16, 95% CI [−.39, .09], p = .197)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the BABIES sample, mothers touched their infants for an average of 72% (SD 21%) of the interaction.
“mothers engaged in touch for 72% (SD = 21%) of the interaction”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Maternal sensitivity showed no association with maternal touch (r(62) = .01, 95% CI [−0.24, 0.25], p = .954).
“sensitivity was not associated with maternal touch (r(62) = .01, 95% CI [−0.24, 0.25], p = .954)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Maternal sensitivity scores spanned 1.84 to 5.71.
“Sensitivity ranged from 1.84 (very low/low) to 5.71 (moderately high/high)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Adult words per hour ranged from 81.93 to 3155.33.
“adult words ranged from 81.93 to 3155.33 per hour.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the BABIES sample, infants were exposed to a mean of 1237.91 adult words per hour (SD 612.64).
“infants heard 1237.91 adult words per hour (SD = 612.64).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In the BABIES sample, mean maternal sensitivity was moderate, at 3.99 (SD 0.95).
“On average, mothers were rated as moderately sensitive (mean [SD] = 3.99 [0.95])”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
With personal distress controlled, perspective taking remained positively related to linguistic stimulation (B = 41.80, SE = 19.14, t(57) = 2.18, 95% CI [3.48, 80.12], p = .033).
“When holding personal distress constant in a linear regression model, perspective taking remained positively associated with linguistic stimulation (B = 41.80, SE = 19.14, t(57) = 2.18, 95% CI [3.48, 80.12], p = .033)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Adult words per hour from LENA is a valid measure of cognitive input.
- Rests on an assumption: The LENA recording day is typical of the infant's everyday language environment.
- Findingown data
With perspective taking controlled, perspective taking was not associated with maternal touch (p = .379).
“whereas perspective taking was unassociated with maternal touch (p=.379).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
With personal distress controlled, personal distress was not associated with linguistic stimulation (p = .473).
“whereas personal distress was unassociated with linguistic stimulation (p=.473).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Mothers reporting greater perspective taking had infants who heard more adult words per hour (r(58) = .28, 95% CI [.03, .51], p = .030).
“mothers who reported greater perspective taking had infants who were exposed to a greater number of adult words per hour (r(58) = .28, 95% CI [.03, .51], p = .030).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Adult words per hour from LENA is a valid measure of cognitive input.
- Rests on an assumption: The LENA recording day is typical of the infant's everyday language environment.
- Findingown data
With perspective taking controlled, personal distress remained inversely related to maternal touch (B = −0.02, SE = 0.01, t(57) = −3.56, 95% CI [−0.03, −0.01], p < .001).
“When holding perspective taking constant in a linear regression model, personal distress remained negatively associated with maternal touch (B = −0.02, SE = 0.01, t(57) = −3.56, 95% CI [−0.03, −0.01], p < .001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Maternal touch during the SFP-R is a valid measure of emotional input.
- Findingown data
Mothers reporting more personal distress touched their infants less often during the SFP-R (r(58) = −.42, 95% CI [−.61, −.19], p < .001).
“mothers who reported greater personal distress during interpersonally challenging situations touched their infants less during the SFP-R (r(58) = −.42, 95% CI [−.61, −.19], p < .001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Maternal touch during the SFP-R is a valid measure of emotional input.
- Premisenone given
Orphanage rearing is not a species-typical experience.
“Orphanage (i.e., institutional) rearing is not a species-typical experience.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving Environments
Most knowledge about how neglect affects child development comes from studies of children raised in orphanages.
“To date, most of our knowledge of the effects of neglect on child development has come from studies of children reared in the species-atypical setting of orphanages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving Environments
Experiences of neglect in physical and psychosocial domains are independently associated with child outcomes.
“there is evidence that experiences of neglect in physical and psychosocial domains are independently associated with child outcomes (Doom et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Doom et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving Environments
Statistics on neglect reported to child protective services likely substantially underestimate the true burden of neglect.
“statistics concerning the prevalence of neglect reported to child protective services are likely significant underestimates of its true burden.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Because severely neglected children are broadly deprived of both emotional and cognitive input, investigators have not been able to determine whether both psychosocial elements are critical or whether specific child competencies depend selectively on cognitive or emotional input.
“because severely neglected children are broadly deprived of both emotional and cognitive input from caregivers, investigators have been unable to determine either whether both psychosocial elements are critical for achieving healthy development, or whether specific child competencies depend selectively on cognitive or emotional input.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
By early adolescence, children in the foster care group were more likely than children in the care-as-usual condition to show a broad pattern of adaptive functioning.
“by early adolescence, children in the foster care group were more likely than were children in the care-as-usual condition to exhibit a broad pattern of adaptive functioning”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Humphreys, Miron et al., 2018
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Even among children with validated cases of neglect, the severity and form of their experiences vary because of chronicity and intensity.
“Even among children with validated cases of neglect, the severity and form of their experiences vary in severity due to chronicity and intensity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The effects of the quantity of caregiver input for both emotional and cognitive dimensions are moderated by its quality.
“We theorize that the effects of the quantity of caregiver input for both emotional and cognitive dimensions are moderated by its quality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The extreme-groups approach is unlikely to capture the predictive relation between less dramatic but potentially significant environmental improvements and changes in child development.
“By failing to assess the continuous nature of psychosocial input, the “extreme-groups” approach taken in these studies is unlikely to capture the predictive relation between less dramatic but potentially significant improvements in the environment and changes in child development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Children experience the most improved developmental outcomes when emotional and/or cognitive input is delivered with sensitivity.
“We posit, however, that children experience the most improved developmental outcomes when emotional and/or cognitive input is delivered with sensitivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Factors such as socioeconomic status, parental stress, and parental psychopathology are likely to affect both emotional and cognitive input as well as sensitivity.
“Given that factors such as socioeconomic status, parental stress, and parental psychopathology are likely to affect both emotional and cognitive input as well as sensitivity (Hart & Risley, 2003; Lovejoy, Graczyk, O’Hare, & Neuman, 2000; Pereira et al., 2012)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisereasoning
Many children whose experiences would not be formally classified as neglect experience less severe forms of psychosocial deprivation.
“many children whose experiences would not be formally classified as neglect experience less severe forms of psychosocial deprivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In family-based care, experiences of deprivation are alarmingly common.
“In family-based care, experiences of deprivation are alarmingly common.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Emotional and cognitive input operate across multiple domains of parent-child interaction.
“We contend that characterizing the dimensions of emotional and cognitive caregiver input provides a broader perspective: emotional and cognitive input operate across multiple domains of parent–child interaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Children may experience high levels of emotional and/or cognitive input in the absence of caregiver sensitivity.
“children may experience high levels of emotional and/or cognitive input in the absence of caregiver sensitivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The fluency and connectedness of mothers' speech during interactions with their two-year-old children explained substantially more variance in children's expressive vocabulary one year later than did the amount of mothers' speech.
“the fluency and connectedness of mothers’ speech during interactions with their two-year-old children explained substantially more of the variance in children’s expressive vocabulary one year later than did the amount of mothers’ speech during the interactions (Hirsh-Pasek et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hirsh-Pasek et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given
Pervasive and severe neglect involves low levels of both emotional and cognitive input.
“Pervasive and severe neglect involves low levels of both emotional and cognitive input.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Focusing on increasing the quantity of caregiver speech may not address the importance of speech quality.
“The focus on increasing the quantity of speech that caregivers provide, a goal of programs such as Bloomberg Philanthropy’s Providence Talks (https://mayorschallenge.bloomberg.org/ideas/providence-talks/), may not necessarily address the importance of the quality of this speech.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
When caregivers are emotionally dysregulated, their caregiving behaviors may become disorganized, resulting in the absence of emotional input and/or the presence of insensitive emotional input.
“when caregivers are emotionally dysregulated, particularly in response to their own children’s cues, their caregiving behaviors may become disorganized, resulting in the absence of emotional input (i.e., detachment/withdrawal) and/or the presence of insensitive emotional input (i.e., intrusions; Del Vecchio, Walter, & O’Leary, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Del Vecchio, Walter, & O’Leary, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Caregivers who underestimate children's capacity to learn from language may be less likely to engage in child-directed speech.
“caregivers who underestimate children’s capacity to learn from language may be less likely to engage in child-directed speech (Rowe, 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rowe, 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Caregiving behavior during child non-distress may shift fluidly between different forms of input.
“Therefore, caregiving behavior during child non-distress may shift fluidly between different forms of input.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Knowledge about the developmental needs and capacities of young children may affect the amount and quality of input.
“Knowledge about the developmental needs and capacities of young children may also affect the amount and quality of input.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Caregivers' ability to engage in perspective-taking concerning their children's thoughts, knowledge, and interests facilitates the provision of appropriate cognitive input by promoting child-directed speech, conversational turn-taking, and synchronous play.
“We propose that caregivers’ ability to engage in perspective-taking concerning their children’s thoughts, knowledge, and interests facilitates the provision of appropriate cognitive input by promoting child-directed speech, conversational turn-taking, and synchronous play.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The tendency of mothers with higher levels of depressive symptoms to be self-focused in describing their children has been associated with reduced affection and enthusiasm in caregiving interactions.
“the tendency of mothers with higher levels of depressive symptoms to be self-focused in describing their children has been associated with reduced affection and enthusiasm in caregiving interactions (Humphreys, King, Choi, & Gotlib, 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Humphreys, King, Choi, & Gotlib, 2018
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisereasoning
Adaptive emotion regulation among caregivers supports the provision of appropriate emotional input by increasing caregivers' emotional availability and their ability to tune the arousal and valence of emotional input to the child's state.
“We propose that adaptive emotion regulation among caregivers supports the provision of appropriate emotional input by increasing the emotional availability of caregivers and their ability to tune the arousal and valence of emotional input to the child’s state.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Parents may respond with cognitive input in the context of child distress, for example through parent-initiated distraction.
“Although parents are likely to respond with emotional input in the context of child distress, they may also respond with cognitive input. Indeed, parent-initiated distraction through cognitive stimulation is one method parents use to regulate their children’s negative affect (Spinrad, Stifter, Donelan-McCall, & Turner, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Spinrad, Stifter, Donelan-McCall, & Turner, 2004
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationnone given
Caregivers who overestimate a child's self-regulatory ability may be less likely to provide soothing emotional input.
“caregivers who overestimate a child’s self-regulatory ability may be less likely to provide soothing emotional input (e.g., sensitive touch).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
When children are not distressed, caregiver responses involve both emotional and cognitive input.
“Further, when children are not distressed, responses involve both emotional and cognitive input.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Pregnant women who responded more negatively to videos of crying infants demonstrated reduced sensitivity postnatally to their own infants' distress.
“Pregnant women who responded more negatively to videos of crying infants demonstrated reduced sensitivity postnatally to their own infants’ distress (Leerkes, 2011b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Leerkes, 2011b
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Adoptive parents of children with greater growth stunting were less able to structure the environment and set appropriate limits.
“children who evidenced more growth stunting, indicating neglectful pre-adoptive care, had adoptive parents who were less successful at structuring their environments and setting appropriate limits.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lawler, Koss, and Gunnar (2017)
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Post-adoption caregiving quality was linked to later regulation problems in only one direction.
“These researchers, however, identified a unidirectional association between the quality of post-adoptive caregiving and later regulation difficulties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lawler, Koss, and Gunnar (2017)
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Under neglect, such mutual influence may produce a self-reinforcing cycle of deprivation.
“In the context of neglect, this dynamic may create a vicious cycle of deprivation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The children most vulnerable to harm from emotional or cognitive neglect may also gain the most when the amount and quality of input rise.
“From this perspective, those children who are most likely to suffer the negative consequences of emotional or cognitive neglect are also those most likely to benefit from increases in the quality and quantity of input.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Some parent-child behavioral pathways do not appear to run in both directions.
“Indeed, not all pathways between parent and child behavior appear to be bidirectional (Klein et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Klein et al., 2016
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
A child's actions can prompt caregiver reactions, which can then strengthen the child's own behavioral tendencies.
“children’s behaviors may elicit certain responses from their caregivers, which in turn may increase children’s tendencies to behave in certain ways.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Children whose nervous systems are more reactive may undergo longer-lasting developmental changes when environments change.
“The theories of “biological sensitivity to context” and “differential susceptibility” (Ellis, Boyce, Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van Ijzendoorn, 2011) posit that children with greater neurobiological susceptibility (i.e., heightened reactivity of the nervous system) are more likely to evidence prolonged developmental change in response to environmental input.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ellis, Boyce, Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van Ijzendoorn, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Randomized intervention evidence indicates the association between adverse caregiving and child behavior problems cannot be explained solely by heritability or by individual differences in child difficulty.
“evidence from randomized interventions reviewed above indicates these associations cannot be explained solely by the heritability of problematic behavior or by individual differences in how difficult children are to parent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Adverse caregiving environments are associated with child behavior problems.
“A large body of research indicates that an adverse caregiving environment is associated with problems in child behavior”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Among adopted children, poorer pre-adoption care was linked to less responsive care from the adoptive parents.
“Lawler, Koss, and Gunnar (2017) found that young children who received poorer care prior to adoption also received less responsive care from their adoptive parents”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Lawler, Koss, and Gunnar (2017)
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Caregiving behavior and child temperament may influence each other in both directions.
“The association between caregiving behavior and child temperament may be bidirectional (Kiff, Lengua, & Zalewski, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kiff, Lengua, & Zalewski, 2011
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
A child's temperamental differences may relate to how strongly they respond to good and bad experiences.
“Individual differences in children’s temperament may also be associated with sensitivity to both positive and negative experiences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ellis, Boyce, Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van Ijzendoorn, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Variation in children's experiences is not automatically equivalent to better or worse environments.
“While diversity in children’s experiences does not necessarily translate into “better” or “poorer” environments, there are some clear cases in which variation in human experience can be harmful.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Putting the mother-child bond above other relationships may not produce the best environment or outcomes, particularly when other risks are present.
“We note that privileging the mother–child relationship over others may not yield the highest-quality environment or the best outcomes for children, especially in the presence of other risk factors (Baydar et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baydar et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Compared with families in other societies, many North American and Western European families place greater emphasis on the child's bond with a primary caregiver, typically the mother.
“A prominent difference between many North American/Western European families and families in other societies concerns the prioritization of the relationship between the child and a primary caregiver, usually the mother (van Ijzendoorn, Sagi, & Lambermon, 1992).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites van Ijzendoorn, Sagi, & Lambermon, 1992 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Psychological research has largely studied WEIRD populations, which restricts knowledge about how culture and society shape caregiving.
“Unfortunately, most psychological research has focused on what Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan (2010) termed Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies, limiting our understanding of how the sociocultural context influences the caregiving environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan (2010)
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The setting in which parent-child interactions occur shapes those interactions.
“Although our proposed approach to characterizing neglect and enrichment in caregiving environments focuses on parent–child interactions, it is important to note that these interactions are influenced by the situation in which they take place.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bronfenbrenner (1979)
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Beliefs about children, government family policies, and gender-role messages probably combine to shape caregiving, including how much and how good emotional and cognitive input is.
“Using this framework, cultural ideas about children (e.g., infants are too young to benefit from linguistic stimulation), national policies concerning families (e.g., maternity and paternity leave), and interactions concerning gender roles (e.g., messaging that women are the primary caregivers), likely interact to influence patterns of caregiving, including both the amount and quality of emotional”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
These types of input are provided at different levels of quality.
“suggesting that these forms of input are delivered with varying levels of quality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Some kinds of variation in experience are clearly harmful.
“there are some clear cases in which variation in human experience can be harmful.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Within individual children's environments, sensitivity and emotional and cognitive input cluster in different ways.
“From our real-world data, it is evident that sensitivity and emotional and cognitive input constellate differently within individual children’s environments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Caregivers may have little control over many parts of a child's experience.
“many aspects of the child’s experiences may be outside of the control of the caregiver.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Caregivers lack control over many parts of a child's experience.
- Interpretationown data
Emotional and cognitive input are dissociable.
“suggesting that emotional and cognitive input are dissociable.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions and Future Directions · plain
“emotional and cognitive input, operationalized as maternal touch during a mother–infant interaction stressor and infant exposure to linguistic stimulation, are not colinear.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Maternal touch during the SFP-R is a valid measure of emotional input.
- Rests on an assumption: Adult words per hour from LENA is a valid measure of cognitive input.
- Rests on an assumption: The LENA recording day is typical of the infant's everyday language environment.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions and Future Directions · plain
- Premisecitation
Poverty-related adversity is proposed to set off a developmental chain that harms children's later adaptive functioning.
“Adverse experiences associated with poverty are posited to create a developmental cascade that impairs children’s future adaptive functioning (Jensen, Berens, & Nelson, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Jensen, Berens, & Nelson, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The SFP-R is a stressor that consistently produces distress in infants.
“The SFP-R is a parent–child interaction stressor that reliably elicits infant distress (Mesman, van IJzendoorn, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2009)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mesman, van IJzendoorn, & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The SFP-R probably draws out emotional input from caregivers when infants show emotion.
“and is therefore likely to evoke emotional input from caregivers in response to infant emotion.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
For poor children, caregiving that is adequate in both amount and quality at home and in child care probably protects development.
“While caregiving behavior that is sufficient in quantity and quality, both at home and in child-care settings, is likely to be protective for in children poverty (Votruba-Drzal, Coley, & Chase-lansdale, 2004)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Votruba-Drzal, Coley, & Chase-lansdale, 2004
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
Each of the four IRI subscales had acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .73-.79).
“Internal consistency was acceptable for each of the four subscales (Cronbach’s α = .73–.79).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Dysregulation of stress response systems caused by insufficient or insensitive emotional input may reduce the positive effects of cognitive input by interfering with children's ability to process that input.
“dysregulation of stress response systems due to insufficient or insensitive emotional input may attenuate the positive effects of cognitive input by interfering with children’s capacity to process this input (Blair et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blair et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A linear model is supported by a smaller number of studies that assessed neglect continuously and used a cumulative risk approach.
“A linear model is based on a smaller number of studies assessing neglect continuously and using a “cumulative risk” approach (e.g., Evans, Li, & Whipple, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Evans, Li, & Whipple, 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The affective and cognitive sides of maternal empathy-personal distress and perspective taking-are linked to emotional and cognitive input, respectively.
“Finally, affective and cognitive components of maternal empathy (i.e., personal distress and perspective taking) are associated with emotional and cognitive input, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Maternal touch during the SFP-R is a valid measure of emotional input.
- Rests on an assumption: Adult words per hour from LENA is a valid measure of cognitive input.
- Rests on an assumption: The LENA recording day is typical of the infant's everyday language environment.
- Study design and conductreasoning
Because the design was cross-sectional, maternal empathy components cannot be interpreted as coming before the input mothers gave.
“Important limitations include the cross-sectional design, which precludes the interpretation that components of maternal empathy are antecedents of the input mothers provided to their infants”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Caregiver input may indirectly affect later childhood functioning via its influence on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, which are skills used in emotion regulation.
“input may indirectly influence this functioning in later childhood through its effects on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, skills involved in emotion regulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blair et al., 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
A threshold model is consistent with prior child neglect research using an extreme-groups approach and with the 'good enough parent' concept, under which caregiving improvements beyond a certain level are not expected to produce measurable effects.
“A threshold model is consistent with previous research on child neglect that uses an extreme-groups approach, and with the concept of the “good enough parent” (Winnicott, 2002), in which improvements in caregiving beyond a specified level are not expected to have measurable effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Winnicott, 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The preliminary results support the authors' model of caregiving variation as a continuum from neglect to enrichment.
“Our preliminary data support our proposed model for characterizing variation in caregiving along a continuum of neglect to enrichment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Maternal touch during the SFP-R is a valid measure of emotional input.
- Rests on an assumption: Adult words per hour from LENA is a valid measure of cognitive input.
- Rests on an assumption: The LENA recording day is typical of the infant's everyday language environment.
- Interpretationreasoning
Emotional and cognitive input probably work together to shape child outcomes.
“We should also note here, however, that these forms of input likely interact to influence children’s outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Mean sensitivity ratings had good inter-rater reliability (ICC = .84).
“Reliability at the level of mean ratings for sensitivity was good (ICC=.84).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 38
- May combine two claims. 39
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving EnvironmentsEnriching caregiver input falls along two dimensions: emotional input and cognitive input.
“we conceptualize enriching input from caregivers as falling along two dimensions. Specifically, we propose that caregivers vary in their ability to provide emotional and cognitive input”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving EnvironmentsPsychosocial neglect can be represented as variation along a continuum from severely neglectful to highly enriched environments.
“we posit can be represented as variations along a continuum from severe neglectful to highly enriched environments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving EnvironmentsCaregiver sensitivity moderates the effects of variation along the emotional and cognitive input dimensions.
“caregiver sensitivity moderates the effects of variation along these two dimensions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving EnvironmentsThe construct of neglect has received less attention than threat, and the field has been described as characterized by a neglect of neglect.
“The construct of neglect, however, has received less attention. In fact, experts in childhood maltreatment indicated that the field is characterized by a “neglect of neglect””
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stoltenborgh, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Van Ijzendoorn, 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren in institutions generally receive adequate instrumental care, but their environments may involve severe psychosocial deprivation through isolation, regimentation, and high child-to-caregiver ratios.
“Although children in institutions generally receive adequate instrumental care, their environments may be characterized by severe psychosocial deprivation in the form of isolation, regimentation, and high child-to-caregiver ratios”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zeanah, Smyke, & Settles, 2006
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May combine two claims.
Premisenone given§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving EnvironmentsGlobal assessments of caregiving do not capture its multi-dimensional nature and treat distinct aspects of caregiver input as equivalent, even though these aspects likely have different antecedents and consequences.
“Global assessments of caregiving fail to account for its multi-dimensional nature; moreover, they equate distinct aspects of caregiver input that are likely to have unique antecedents and consequences”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving EnvironmentsPsychosocial neglect may be especially insidious because its physical consequences are less obvious and it may therefore go undetected.
“psychosocial neglect may be especially insidious because it has less obvious physical consequences and, therefore, may go undetected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisereasoning§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving EnvironmentsPhysical neglect often co-occurs with psychosocial neglect, but children can lack adequate psychosocial stimulation even when their instrumental care needs are met.
“Physical neglect, or the deprivation of the basic requirements for human survival, often accompanies psychosocial neglect; however, children may be deprived of adequate psychosocial stimulation despite instrumental care needs being met.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ The Neglect–Enrichment Continuum: Characterizing Variation in Early Caregiving EnvironmentsThere is no agreed-upon definition of neglect.
“there is no agreed-upon definition of neglect”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Humphreys, King, & Gotlib, 2018
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PremisecitationCompared with children who remained in institutions, children randomized to foster care had more secure attachments, lower psychopathology, and better cognitive functioning at preschool age, childhood, and early adolescence.
“compared to children who remained in institutions, children who were randomized to foster care had more secure attachments with their caregivers (Smyke, Zeanah, Fox, Nelson, & Guthrie, 2010), lower levels of psychopathology (Humphreys et al., 2015; Zeanah et al., 2009), and better cognitive functioning at preschool age, childhood, and early adolescence”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe Bucharest Early Intervention Project provided causal evidence that family-based care improves both socioemotional and cognitive functioning relative to institutional care.
“The BEIP provided causal evidence regarding the role of caregiving environments in child outcomes, yielding insights concerning the positive impact of family-based care on both socioemotional and cognitive functioning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Nelson, Fox, & Zeanah, 2014
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- cites Zeanah et al., 2003 source
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InterpretationcitationMeeting instrumental care needs alone is not sufficient for healthy development; adaptive functioning is significantly influenced by exposure to psychosocial enrichment.
“The BEIP provided evidence that simply meeting the instrumental care needs of children is not sufficient for healthy development—adaptive functioning is significantly influenced by exposure to psychosocial enrichment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningVariations in neglect occur along a continuum from severe deprivation to enrichment, which contrasts with the binary treatment of early environmental input in studies of institutional care and child-protective-services-involved youth.
“Recognizing that variations in neglect occur along a continuum from severe deprivation to enrichment stands in contrast to studies of children in institutional care and of youth involved in child protective services, in which differences in early environmental input are typically treated as binary”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationCaregiver sensitivity is typically consistent, but some caregivers may express different levels of sensitivity along emotional and cognitive dimensions.
“We hypothesize that caregiver sensitivity is typically consistent; nevertheless, some caregivers may express different levels of sensitivity along emotional and cognitive dimensions”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Powell, Cooper, Hoffman, & Marvin, 2013
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InterpretationreasoningMore input is not always better; the degree to which emotional or cognitive input involves caregiver sensitivity influences its impact on child outcomes.
“the degree to which emotional or cognitive input involves caregiver sensitivity influences its impact on child outcomes; thus, more input is not always better.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenChildren require both emotional and cognitive input from their caregivers for healthy development.
“We propose here that children require both emotional and cognitive input from their caregivers for healthy development.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationChild exposure to television is associated with fewer linguistic interactions with caregivers and, when prolonged, may be a common form of cognitive neglect.
“child exposure to television is associated with fewer linguistic interactions with caregivers (Christakis et al., 2009) and, when prolonged, may be a common form of cognitive neglect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Christakis et al., 2009 source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenWhen neglect is severe and pervasive, any increase in the quantity of non-threatening caregiver input is desirable.
“Certainly, when neglect is severe and pervasive, any increase in the quantity of non-threatening caregiver input is desirable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenEmotional and cognitive input occur along a continuum ranging from deprivation to enrichment.
“We posit here that emotional and cognitive input occur along a continuum ranging from deprivation to enrichment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone givenEnvironmental enrichment involves high levels of both emotional and cognitive input delivered with high sensitivity.
“Conversely, environmental enrichment involves high levels of both emotional and cognitive input, delivered with high sensitivity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationChild-directed speech appears specifically important for children's language development, but it is not clear that more speech, even when child-directed, is always better.
“Although child-directed speech, as opposed to overheard speech, appears specifically to be important for children’s language development (Weisleder & Fernald, 2013), it is not clear that more speech, even when child-directed, is always better.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Weisleder & Fernald, 2013 source
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PremisecitationPrevious research has differentiated types of caregiving based on the context of the child's emotional state, that is, distress versus non-distress.
“Previous research (Bernard et al., 2013; Davidov & Grusec, 2006; E. Leerkes, Blankson, & O’Brien, 2009; E. M. Leerkes et al., 2012) has differentiated types of caregiving based on the context of the child’s emotional state (i.e., distress versus child non-distress).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenAs child-directed speech becomes increasingly insensitive, its association with positive language outcomes is diminished.
“We hypothesize that as child-directed speech is increasingly insensitive, its association with positive language outcomes is diminished.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationGrusec and Davidov developed a domain-specific approach in which interactions within five domains mediate distinct socialization processes in children.
“Grusec and Davidov (2010) applied socialization theory to parent–child relationships to develop a domain-specific approach in which interactions within the five domains of protection, reciprocity, control, guided learning, and group participation mediate distinct socialization processes in children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Grusec and Davidov, 2010 source
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PremisecitationPositive emotional input predicts more positive child outcomes, but warm behaviors are not always sensitive.
“While positive emotional input is an important element of the caregiver–child relationship and predicts more positive child outcomes (Eisenberg et al., 2005; Wright, Hill, Sharp, & Pickles, 2018), warm behaviors are not always sensitive.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Eisenberg et al., 2005 source
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- cites Wright, Hill, Sharp, & Pickles, 2018
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PremisecitationFeldman, Singer, and Zagoory found that affectionate touch during mutual gaze was associated with greater infant vagal tone during play, while asynchronous touch was related to lower infant vagal tone and greater cortisol reactivity to a subsequent stressor.
“Feldman, Singer, and Zagoory (2010) found that whereas affectionate touch when mothers and infants are gazing at each other was associated with greater infant vagal tone during play, asynchronous touch (touching the infant despite gaze aversion) was related to both lower infant vagal tone during play and greater infant cortisol reactivity to a subsequent stressor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Feldman, Singer, and Zagoory, 2010
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PremisecitationThere is a well-known socioeconomic gap in the amount of speech to which children are exposed, and even among low-income families there is substantial variability in how much caregivers talk to their children.
“there is a well-known gap related to socioeconomic status in the amount of speech to which children are exposed (Hart & Risley, 2003), and even among low-income families there is substantial variability in how much caregivers talk to their children (Weisleder & Fernald, 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Hart & Risley, 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Weisleder & Fernald, 2013 source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationChild socialization processes require domain-specific parental behaviors.
“These researchers theorized that child socialization processes require domain-specific parental behaviors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningProtection and guided learning are the domains in which the amount and quality of emotional and cognitive input, respectively, are most critical, while other domains may require both types of input.
“Whereas protection and guided learning are domains in which we expect the amount and quality of emotional and cognitive input, respectively, to be most critical, other domains may require both types of input.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMind-mindedness has been associated prospectively with children's cognitive development, particularly with the development of theory of mind, which is mediated in part by the positive association between mind-mindedness and children's receptive vocabulary.
“mind-mindedness has been associated prospectively with children’s cognitive development, particularly with the development of theory of mind, which is mediated in part by the positive association between mind-mindedness and children’s receptive vocabulary (Meins, Fernyhough, Arnott, & Leekam, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Meins, Fernyhough, Arnott, & Leekam, 2013
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe ability to provide emotional input depends on caregivers' own emotion regulation and empathic concern, while the ability to provide cognitive input depends on caregivers' perspective-taking concerning their children's thoughts, knowledge, and interests.
“we posit that whereas the ability to provide emotional input depends on caregivers’ own emotion regulation and empathic concern toward their children, the ability to provide cognitive input depends on caregivers’ ability to engage in perspective-taking concerning their children’s thoughts, knowledge, and interests.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCaregiver responses during distress have been associated with children's regulation of negative affect and attachment security, while caregiver responses during non-distress have been associated with regulation of positive affect and peer acceptance.
“whereas caregiver responses during distress have been associated with children’s regulation of negative affect (Davidov & Grusec, 2006) and attachment security (Leerkes, 2011a), caregiver responses during non-distress have been associated with regulation of positive affect and peer acceptance (Davidov & Grusec, 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Davidov & Grusec, 2006 source
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- cites Leerkes, 2011a
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenEach dimension explains a larger amount of within-dimension variance in both the amount and the sensitivity of input.
“we hypothesize that each explains a larger amount of within-dimension variance in both the amount and the sensitivity of input.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDifferent caregiver characteristics may influence the capacity to provide input sufficient in quality and amount during distress versus non-distress, and deprivation or enrichment in each situation may lead to specific child outcomes.
“Different characteristics of caregivers may influence their capacity to provide input that is sufficient in quality and amount during distress versus non-distress situations (E. M. Leerkes, 2011b); further, deprivation or enrichment in each of these situations may lead to specific child outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites E. M. Leerkes, 2011b
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PremisecitationExpectant mothers with insecure attachment styles reported more aversive responses to videos of crying infants than did expectant mothers with secure attachments; among mothers with insecure attachments, greater physiological reactivity to these videos predicted lower scores on a composite measure of the amount and quality of maternal emotional responses to their 9-month-old infants' distress.
“expectant mothers with insecure attachment styles reported more aversive responses to videos of crying infants than did expectant mothers with secure attachments; further, among mothers with insecure attachments, greater physiological reactivity to these videos predicted lower scores on a composite measure of the amount and quality of maternal emotional responses to their 9-month-old infants’ Dist”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ablow, Marks, Shirley Feldman, & Huffman, 2013
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InterpretationreasoningSome children will experience emotionally enriched but relatively cognitively deprived environments, while other children will experience cognitive enrichment but deprivation of emotional input.
“some children will experience emotionally enriched but relatively cognitively deprived environments, whereas other children will experience cognitive enrichment but deprivation of emotional input.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenCaregivers with histories of trauma may struggle to provide emotional input when their children are distressed but succeed in delivering cognitive input during non-distress interactions.
“caregivers with histories of trauma may struggle to provide emotional input when their children are distressed but succeed in delivering cognitive input during non-distress interactions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenCaregivers who prioritize school readiness may provide appropriate input in emotional contexts but intrusive cognitive input in language and numeracy learning activities.
“caregivers who prioritize school readiness may provide appropriate input in emotional contexts but intrusive cognitive input in language and numeracy learning activities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
PremisereasoningThe two dimensions of the neglect-enrichment continuum involve largely distinct caregiving processes.
“We theorize that the two dimensions of the neglect–enrichment continuum involve largely distinct caregiving processes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEarly temperament tends to be fairly stable and is influenced by both biology and environment.
“Temperament is moderately stable early in life, and is shaped by both biological and environmental factors (Shiner et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shiner et al., 2012 source
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InterpretationcitationA child's temperament may shape both the caregiving they get and the caregiving they need to develop healthily.
“children’s temperaments, or their dispositional tendencies to be reactive, emotional, and self-regulatory (Shiner et al., 2012), may influence both the care they receive and the care they require for healthy development.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shiner et al., 2012 source
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InterpretationreasoningNeglected children may develop delays because of inadequate input, and those delays may make it harder for them to obtain the care they need.
“Children of neglectful parents may exhibit delays in development due to insufficient input, which may then hinder their ability to elicit the care that they need.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationcitationIt is possible that certain children respond more strongly to one type of caregiver input than to the other.
“Given that separate neurobiological systems may support receptivity to emotional versus cognitive input (Avants et al., 2015; Rao et al., 2010), it is possible that some children are especially sensitive to one dimension of caregiver input but not the other.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenMind-mindedness at one year of age was found to be associated with subsequent cognitive school readiness.
“Recently, mind-mindedness at one year of age was found to be associated with subsequent cognitive school readiness”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationKeller argues that while all children need safety and trust, their attachment bond can involve more than one or two adults and may exist within a network of relationships.
“Keller (2016) contends that although all children need to form a sense of safety and trust in their relationships, the attachment bond need not be limited to one or two adults, but rather, may be “embodied in a relational network” (p. 61).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Keller (2016) source
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InterpretationcitationHealthy development requires children to receive enough emotional and cognitive input, but that input does not have to come mainly from a mother or father.
“Like Keller (2016), we suggest that although all children require sufficient emotional and cognitive input from their caregivers for healthy development, this input need not come primarily from one’s mother or father.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Keller (2016) source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSociocultural context can include factors such as country, neighborhood, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, socioeconomic status, and generation.
“Markus and Hamedani (2019) described the role of the “sociocultural context” in human psychology, which may be determined by one’s nation, neighborhood, race, ethnicity, religion, gender, socioeconomic status, and generation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Markus and Hamedani (2019)
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationChildren develop through back-and-forth exchanges with their surroundings.
“In his ecological model of human development, Bronfenbrenner (1979) proposed that development occurs through reciprocal interactions between children and their environments.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bronfenbrenner (1979)
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA key criticism is that caregiving research has been guided by Western-developed theories, including attachment theory, and has promoted a Western viewpoint.
“An important criticism of existing psychological research on caregiving is that its guiding theories (e.g., attachment theory; Bowlby, 1969) were developed by Western scientists and have catalyzed research from a Western perspective.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bowlby, 1969
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PremisecitationAccording to Henrich and colleagues, WEIRD samples are unusual relative to humanity as a whole.
“In fact, Henrich and colleagues contend that WEIRD samples represent outliers in terms of global humanity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan (2010)
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningBecause current attachment measures are limited in alloparenting cultures, this idea has not yet been formally tested.
“Given the limitations of current methods for assessing attachment in cultures characterized by alloparenting, this formulation has yet to be tested formally.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn Bronfenbrenner's model, parent-child interaction is a proximal process within the child's microsystem, which sits inside wider meso- and macrosystems.
“In this model, parent–child interactions are a “proximal process” taking place in the child’s immediate environment or “microsystem,” which is nested within increasingly broader meso- and macrosystems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bronfenbrenner (1979)
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningMeasuring emotional and cognitive input separately may reveal what each dimension uniquely contributes to child development.
“Rather than use a composite approach to the assessment of caregiving (i.e., summing or averaging ratings of several caregiving components), separately assessing emotional and cognitive inputs may elucidate the unique contributions of each dimension to child developmental outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationResearchers have separated empathy into an affective, experience-sharing part and a cognitive, mentalizing part.
“Specifically, empathy has been dissociated into an affective or experience sharing component and a cognitive or mentalizing component (Zaki & Williams, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Zaki & Williams, 2013 source
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May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningA neighborhood with few resources, pollution, or danger can make it harder for caregivers to provide suitable input and can worsen neglect-related child difficulties.
“Living in a low-resource, polluted, or dangerous neighborhood may challenge caregivers’ abilities to provide appropriate input and may exacerbate child difficulties associated with the experience of neglect.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premiseown dataIn mothers, personal distress maps onto the affective side of empathy, while perspective taking maps onto the cognitive side.
“Finally, affective and cognitive components of maternal empathy (i.e., personal distress and perspective taking) are associated with emotional and cognitive input, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Zaki & Oschner, 2016
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- cites Zaki & Williams, 2013 source
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PremisecitationPoor children are more likely to face stress and trauma, live where air and water quality are worse, and have fewer resources.
“Children in poverty are particularly vulnerable to experiencing deficits in input, given that they are more likely to experience stress and trauma, to live in neighborhoods with poorer quality air and water, and to have reduced access to resources of all types (e.g., support services, books, toys, high-quality child care; Duncan, Magnuson, & Votruba-Drzal, 2017; Evans, 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Duncan, Magnuson, & Votruba-Drzal, 2017
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- cites Evans, 2004 source
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InterpretationreasoningFamily poverty and neglect can be hard to distinguish, which can have severe effects for disadvantaged groups.
“Indeed, the line between family poverty and neglect can be blurred, with potentially devastating consequences for socioeconomically disenfranchised groups (e.g., family separation due to a working parent’s inability to afford proper supervision for a young child).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Family poverty and neglect can be difficult to distinguish.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataMothers gave written informed consent for themselves and their babies.
“Mothers provided informed written consent for themselves and their infants.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataIt is unknown whether the results extend to communities that differ in racial, ethnic, income, and cultural composition.
“we do not know whether our findings generalize to samples in other communities that may differ from this sample in distributions of race, ethnicity, income, and cultural background.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningA diminishing returns model would be consistent with the idea that adding two hours of highly sensitive emotional and cognitive input is more meaningful for a child who is frequently alone than for a child in a moderately enriched typical environment.
“Such a model would be consistent with the notion that adding two hours of highly sensitive emotional and cognitive input would be more meaningful for a child who is frequently alone than for a child whose typical environment could be characterized as moderately enriched.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEmotional input may matter most for children's stress-response systems, while cognitive input may affect those systems later in childhood indirectly via inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility.
“whereas emotional input may be most important for the functioning of children’s stress response systems (e.g., the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and amygdala-prefrontal circuitry; Gunnar, Hostinar, Sanchez, Tottenham, & Sullivan, 2016), cognitive input may indirectly influence this functioning in later childhood through its effects on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gunnar, Hostinar, Sanchez, Tottenham, & Sullivan, 2016
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Interpretationown dataGood emotion regulation helps mothers provide emotional input, while taking the child's perspective supports cognitive input.
“Supporting our theory that adaptive emotion regulation facilitates the provision of emotional input whereas perspective taking concerning children’s thoughts, knowledge, and interests supports the provision of cognitive input”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Maternal touch during the SFP-R is a valid measure of emotional input.
- Rests on an assumption: Adult words per hour from LENA is a valid measure of cognitive input.
- Rests on an assumption: The LENA recording day is typical of the infant's everyday language environment.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenTo be included, families needed at least 8 hours of LENA recording by the infant's 8-month birthday.
“we required families to have completed at least 8 hours of recording on or before the infant’s 8-month birthday.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenFor sensitivity, 19% of videos were randomly chosen for double coding.
“a subset of the videos (19%) were randomly selected to be rated by both coders.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenStanford University's Institutional Review Board approved the BABIES project.
“The BABIES project was approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenFour mothers did not complete the IRI.
“Four mothers did not complete the IRI.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn adolescence, early emotional input has been linked to memory and hippocampal volume, while early cognitive input has been linked to language and cortical thickness.
“early emotional input was associated with memory functioning and hippocampal volume in adolescence, whereas cognitive input was associated with language development and cortical thickness (Avants et al., 2015; Farah et al., 2008; Rao et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationown dataSeparating dimensions of enriching caregiver input may help guide intervention choices and targeting.
“they suggest that distinguishing different dimensions of enriching caregiver input may inform our understanding of how to intervene and with whom.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningNonlinear relations may exist between variation in cognitive and/or emotional input and child development.
“There may, however, be nonlinear relations between variation in cognitive and/or emotional input and child development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Most children worldwide receive care from multiple people, a pattern called alloparenting.
“Globally, most children are cared for by multiple people (e.g., grandparents, siblings, other community members), a style of caregiving termed alloparenting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Maternal touch during the SFP-R is a valid measure of emotional input.
“To operationalize emotional input, we conducted assessments of maternal touch during the SFP-R.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adult words per hour from LENA is a valid measure of cognitive input.
“To operationalize cognitive input, we conducted assessments of infants’ exposure to linguistic stimulation in their everyday lives.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The LENA recording day is typical of the infant's everyday language environment.
“with instructions that the infant wear the device from waking to bedtime during a typical day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Family poverty and neglect can be difficult to distinguish.
“Indeed, the line between family poverty and neglect can be blurred, with potentially devastating consequences for socioeconomically disenfranchised groups”
The paper relies on this without support.
Caregivers lack control over many parts of a child's experience.
“many aspects of the child’s experiences may be outside of the control of the caregiver.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Limitations in existing methods for assessing early caregiving have impeded understanding of child developmental outcomes and identification of optimal intervention targets.
“Limitations of existing approaches to assessing the early caregiving environment have hindered both our understanding of children’s developmental outcomes and our ability to identify optimal targets for caregiving intervention.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Studying children's developmental functioning during and after institutional care provides insight into effects of deprivation relevant to neglected children across contexts.
“Studying children's developmental functioning during and after exposure to institutional care provides insight into the effects of deprivation relevant to neglected children across contexts (7).”
From A Comprehensive Multilevel Analysis of the Bucharest Early Intervention Project: Causal Effects on Recovery From Early Severe Deprivation (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Bernard citation has conflicting years
MinorThe text dates the Bernard, Meade, and Dozier work to 2014, while its matching reference entry dates it to 2013.
“Bernard, Meade, & Dozier, 2014”
“Bernard K, Meade EB, & Dozier M (2013).”
Pairwise correlation uses an inconsistent sample size
MinorThe touch-linguistic-stimulation correlation has 61 degrees of freedom, indicating 63 observations. Both correlations involving sensitivity have 62 degrees of freedom, indicating 64 observations; with only 64 mothers in the sample, all three pairwise correlations should have 64 observations if the reported degrees of freedom are correct.
“Maternal touch during the SFP-R and linguistic stimulation were not correlated (r(61) = −.10, 95% CI [−.34, .15], p = .414), suggesting that emotional and cognitive input are dissociable. Further, sensitivity was not associated with maternal touch (r(62) = .01, 95% CI [−0.24, 0.25], p = .954) nor linguistic stimulation (r(62) = −.16, 95% CI [−.39, .09], p = .197)”
“To date, we have assessed and processed assessments of both emotional and cognitive input from 64 mothers (mean age [SD] = 34.24 [4.96] years) and their infants (mean age [SD] = 6.16 [0.39] months).”
Gunnar citation has conflicting years
MinorThe in-text citation gives 2016, but the matching reference entry gives 2015.
“Gunnar, Hostinar, Sanchez, Tottenham, & Sullivan, 2016”
“Gunnar MR, Hostinar CE, Sanchez MM, Tottenham N, & Sullivan RM (2015).”
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
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- Hart, 2003, The early catastrophe: The 30 million word gap by age 3, American Educator, 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
King, L. S., Guyon-Harris, K. L., Valadez, E. A., Radulescu, A., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., & Humphreys, K. L. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20220672 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Studying children’s developmental functioning during and after exposure to institutional care provides insight into the effects of deprivation relevant to neglected children across contexts (7).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHumphreys, K. L., Guyon-Harris, K. L., Tibu, F., Wade, M., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000613 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- King, L. S., Humphreys, K. L., & Gotlib, I. H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- King, Lucy S.
- Venue
- Developmental Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 51
- Pages
- 109-122
- ISSN
- 0273-2297 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7363411
- OpenAlex
- W2909951548
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 9.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Review (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (R21-HD090493)
- National Institute for Mental Health (R21-MH111978, R37-MH101495)
- National Science Foundation
- Brain and Behavior Research Foundation
- Klingenstein Third Generation Foundation Fellowship
- Jacobs Foundation Early Career Research Fellowship
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- care environment, caregiver sensitivity, early caregiving, child development, early life experience, child well-being
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