Can the DSM-5 differentiate between nonpathological possession and dissociative identity disorder? A case study from an Afro-Brazilian religion
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this article is to examine whether the diagnostic criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), are able to differentiate between nonpathological religious possession and dissociative identity disorder (DID). We use the case study of an individual who leads an Afro-Brazilian religious group (Umbanda), focusing on her personal development and possession experiences from early childhood to the present, spanning a period of more than 40 years, and examine these data following DSM-5 criteria for DID (300.14). Her experiences of possession can be broken into 2 distinct stages. In the 1st stage (childhood and early adulthood), she displayed intrusive thoughts and a lack of control over possession states, which were associated with a heightened state of anxiety, loneliness, amnesia, and family conflict (meeting all 5 criteria for DID). In the 2nd stage (late 20s up to the present), she regularly experienced possession states but felt in control of their onset and found them religiously meaningful. In this 2nd stage, she only fulfilled 3 criteria for DID. We question the accuracy of diagnosing this individual with DID in her earlier life and suggest that the DSM-5 criteria fail to address the ambiguity of affect surrounding possession experiences (positive at the individual level, negative at the interpersonal level) and lack a clearer acknowledgment of the prevalence of possession and other unusual experiences in general populations.
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Control over the experience can be obtained over time through training in spiritual communities or groups.
“It is worth noting that control over the experience can be obtained over time through training in spiritual communities or groups.54,61”
Case reports by Damiano et al. and Delmonte et al. describe individuals who had disturbing anomalous experiences that were later assimilated as healthy lifelong spiritual experiences, going on to become productive and respected spiritual leaders.
“To illustrate this distinction in clinical practice, case reports by Damiano et al.54 and Delmonte et al.61 describe individuals who had disturbing anomalous experiences that were later assimilated as healthy lifelong spiritual experiences, going on to become productive and respected spiritual leaders.”
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- Authors
- Delmonte, R., Lucchetti, G., Moreira-Almeida, A., & Farias, M.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (BR)
- Coventry University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Delmonte, Romara
- Venue
- Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-10-13
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 322-337
- ISSN
- 1529-9732 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-9740
- OpenAlex
- W1765141723
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- curve.coventry.ac.uk
- Locations
- Journal of Trauma & Dissociation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Coventry University Open Collections (Coventry university) (submittedVersion)
- Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- The Open Collections (Coventry University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- dissociative identity disorder, Umbanda, Afro-Brazilian religions, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, diagnostic validity
- MeSH terms
- Brazil, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Dissociative Identity Disorder, Religion and Psychology, Superstitions, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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