The DOI matches its Crossref record; 218 of the 245 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 192 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology
Open accessAbstract
Despite long-standing interest in the influence of adverse early experiences on mental health, systematic scientific inquiry into childhood adversity and developmental outcomes has emerged only recently. Existing research has amply demonstrated that exposure to childhood adversity is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of youth psychopathology. In contrast, knowledge of developmental mechanisms linking childhood adversity to the onset of psychopathology-and whether those mechanisms are general or specific to particular kinds of adversity-remains cursory. Greater understanding of these pathways and identification of protective factors that buffer children from developmental disruptions following exposure to adversity is essential to guide the development of interventions to prevent the onset of psychopathology following adverse childhood experiences. This article provides recommendations for future research in this area. In particular, use of a consistent definition of childhood adversity, integration of studies of typical development with those focused on childhood adversity, and identification of distinct dimensions of environmental experience that differentially influence development are required to uncover mechanisms that explain how childhood adversity is associated with numerous psychopathology outcomes (i.e., multifinality) and identify moderators that shape divergent trajectories following adverse childhood experiences. A transdiagnostic model that highlights disruptions in emotional processing and poor executive functioning as key mechanisms linking childhood adversity with multiple forms of psychopathology is presented as a starting point in this endeavour. Distinguishing between general and specific mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology is needed to generate empirically informed interventions to prevent the long-term consequences of adverse early environments on children's development.
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104 Not checked yet · 56 Own interpretation · 10 No basis given
In the paper
“Using data from a large population-based cohort of adolescents, we recently replicated the association between childhood trauma exposure and blunted cardiac output reactivity during acute stress (Heleniak, Riese, Ormel, & McLaughlin, 2016).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heleniak, Riese, Ormel, & McLaughlin, 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a recent study from my lab found that when trying to regulate emotional responses using cognitive reappraisal, children who had been abused recruited regions of the prefrontal cortex involved in effortful control to a greater degree than children who had never experienced violence (McLaughlin, Peverill, et al., 2015).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin, Peverill, et al., 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“We observed a pattern of increased vascular resistance and blunted cardiac output reactivity among youths who had been physically or sexually abused relative to participants with no history of violence exposure (McLaughlin, Sheridan, Alves, & Mendes, 2014).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin, Sheridan, Alves, & Mendes, 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In recent work in our lab, we have also observed blunted reward learning among children exposed to institutional rearing (Sheridan, McLaughlin, et al., 2016).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sheridan, McLaughlin, et al., 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in recent work we have shown that early environmental deprivation has a particularly pronounced impact on the development of stress response systems during the first 2 years of life (McLaughlin et al., 2015).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Moderators of the Link Between Distal and Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin et al., 2015
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, findings from epidemiological studies indicate clearly that exposure to childhood adversity powerfully shapes risk for psychopathology in the population.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“far less is known about which of these mechanisms are common across different types of adversity versus specific to particular types of experiences.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the burgeoning interest and research attention devoted to childhood adversity, there is a surprising lack of consistency with regard to the definition and measurement of the construct.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, exposure to childhood adversity explains a substantial proportion of mental disorder onsets in the population, both in the United States and cross-nationally”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Afifi et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Green et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Existing research has amply demonstrated that exposure to childhood adversity is associated with elevated risk for multiple forms of youth psychopathology.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 38
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, deprivation exposure was associated with deficits in inhibition to both neutral and emotional stimuli and poor cognitive flexibility.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a recent study in my lab, we observed that exposure to trauma (both maltreatment and community violence) was associated with deficits in inhibitory control only in the context of emotional stimuli (i.e., a Stroop task involving emotional faces) and not when stimuli were neutral (i.e., shapes), and had no association with cognitive flexibility (Lambert, King, Monahan, & McLaughlin, 2016).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lambert, King, Monahan, & McLaughlin, 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Second, individuals who have experienced childhood adversity are at elevated risk for developing a lifetime mental disorder compared to individuals without such exposure, and the odds of developing a lifetime mental disorder increase as exposure to adversity increases”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Edwards et al., 2003
- Not checked yetcites Green et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prevalence of exposure to childhood adversity is estimated at about 50% in the U.S. population across numerous epidemiological surveys”
- Also stated in: § CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY · boosted
“Remarkably similar prevalence estimates have been documented in other high-income countries, as well as in low- and middle-income countries worldwide”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Kessler, Davis, & Kendler, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 2010
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY · boosted
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Childhood adversity exposure is associated not only with risk of mental disorder onset in childhood and adolescence (McLaughlin, Green, et al., 2012) but also with elevated odds of developing a first onset mental disorder in adulthood, which persists after adjustment for mental disorders beginning at earlier stages of development”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin, Green, et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Green et al., 2010
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the lack of an agreed-upon definition of the construct represents a significant impediment to future progress in the field.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Childhood adversity is a coherent construct that can be defined and measured consistently enough to support cumulative research.
In the paper
“the ACE score, a count of the total number of adversities experienced, is designed to assess “the total amount of stress experienced during childhood.””
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/findings.html
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Even in the seminal ACE Study that spurred much of the recent research into childhood adversity, a concrete definition of adverse childhood experience is not provided. The original article from the study argues for the importance of understanding the lasting health effects of child abuse and “household dysfunction,” the latter of which is never defined specifically”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Felitti et al., 1998
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Studies of institutional rearing have identified a sensitive period for the development of a secure attachment relationship at around 2 years of age; the majority of children placed into stable family care before that time ultimately develop secure attachments to a caregiver, whereas the majority of children placed after 2 years fail to develop secure attachments”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smyke et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in order to uncover mechanisms linking childhood adversity to psychopathology, the developmental trajectory of the candidate emotional, cognitive, social, or neurobiological process under typical circumstances must first be characterized before examining how exposure to an adverse environment alters that trajectory.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Childhood adversity is difficult to define but fairly obvious to most observers, making the construct an example of the classic standard of you know it when you see it.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“deviations from the expectable environment often take two primary forms: an absence of expected inputs (e. g., limited exposure to language or the absence of a primary caregiver), or the presence of unexpected inputs that represent significant threats to the physical integrity or well-being of the child”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin, Sheridan, & Lambert, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Sheridan & McLaughlin, 2014
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children reared in institutional settings also exhibit social skills deficits, delays in language development, lasting disruptions in executive functioning skills, decrements in IQ, and atypical patterns of emotional processing”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Almas et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Bos, Fox, Zeanah, & Nelson, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Nelson et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Developmental psychopathology emphasizes the cumulative and hierarchical nature of development”
- Also stated in: § Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development · plain
“Learning and acquisition of competencies at one point in development provide the scaffolding upon which subsequent skills and competencies are built”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gottlieb, 1991a, 1991b
- Not checked yetcites Sroufe, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Sroufe, Egeland, & Kreutzer, 1990
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development · plain
In the paper
“Toxic stress refers to the second component of stress just described—the response of the organism. Specifically, toxic stress refers to exaggerated, frequent, or prolonged activation of physiological stress response systems in response to an accumulation of multiple adversities over time in the absence of protection from a supportive caregiver”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shonkoff & Garner, 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The concept of toxic stress is conceptually similar to the construct of allostatic load as defined by McEwen (2000) and focuses on a different aspect of stress than childhood adversity.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identifying sensitive periods is likely to yield critical insights into the points in development when particular capabilities are most likely to be influenced by environmental experience”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Sensitive periods in emotional, social, cognitive, and neurobiological development exist and can be identified by studying the timing of adversity exposure.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“determining how anomalous or atypical environmental inputs influence developmental processes differently based on the timing of exposure provides a unique opportunity to identify sensitive periods in development”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A developmental psychopathology perspective emphasizes the reciprocal and integrated nature of our understanding of normal and abnormal development”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti, 1996
- Not checked yetcites Cicchetti & Lynch, 1993 source
- Not checked yetcites Lynch & Cicchetti, 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The prevailing conceptualization of life stress defines the construct as the adaptation of an organism to specific circumstances that change over time (Monroe, 2008). This definition includes three primary components that interact with one another: environment (the circumstance or event that requires adaptation by the organism), organism (the response to the environmental stimulus), and time (the”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Monroe, 2008
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examples of adverse childhood experiences that would not be considered traumatic are neglect; poverty; and the absence of a stable, supportive caregiver.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such information can be leveraged to inform decisions about the points in time when psychosocial interventions for children exposed to adversity are likely to be maximally efficacious.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Understanding developmental mechanisms and protective factors will make it possible to design interventions that prevent psychopathology after childhood adversity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Traumatic events occurring in childhood represent one potential form of childhood adversity, but not all types of childhood adversity are traumatic.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The expectable environment refers to a wide range of species-typical environmental inputs that the human brain requires to develop normally. These include sensory inputs (e.g., variation in patterned light information that is required for normal development of the visual system), exposure to language, and the presence of a sensitive and responsive caregiver”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fox et al., 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Trauma is defined as exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, either by directly experiencing or witnessing such events or by learning of such events occurring to a close relative or friend”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Defining Childhood Adversity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identifying sensitive periods of emotional and social development requires detailed information on the timing of exposure to atypical or adverse environments, which is challenging to measure.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“identification of sensitive periods has remained elusive in other domains of emotional and social development, potentially reflecting the fact that sensitive periods exist for fewer processes in these domains.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“recent evidence suggests that child maltreatment is associated with a latent liability for psychopathology that explains entirely the associations of maltreatment with specific mental disorders (Caspi et al., 2014; Keyes et al., 2012).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Explaining Multifinality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Caspi et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Keyes et al., 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sensitive periods have been identified both in sensory development and in the development of complex social–cognitive skills, including language”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Integrating Studies of Typical and Atypical Development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hensch, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Kuhl, 2004
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although they are probabilistically related to psychopathology, exposure to threat and deprivation do not invariably lead to mental disorders.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Distal Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the model is not intended to be comprehensive in delineating all mechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology but rather focuses on two candidate mechanisms linking childhood adversity to multiple forms of psychopathology.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern suggests that attempts to modulate emotional responses to negative cues require more cognitive resources for children with abuse histories, meaning that effective regulation may break down more easily in the face of stress.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“modern conceptualizations of resilience describe it as a developmental process that unfolds over time as an ongoing transaction between a child and the multiple contexts in which he or she is embedded (Luthar et al., 2000).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Characterizing the Interplay of Risk and Protective Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luthar et al., 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, converging evidence across multiple levels of analysis indicates that exposure to trauma is associated with a persistent pattern of information processing involving biased attention toward potential threats in the environment, heightened neural and subjective responses to negative emotional cues, and a pattern of autonomic nervous system reactivity consistent with heightened threat”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in most cases children exposed to adversity exhibit adaptive functioning in some domains but not others; even within a single domain, children may be functioning well at one point in time but not at others (Luthar et al., 2000).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Characterizing the Interplay of Risk and Protective Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luthar et al., 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“children with abuse histories—an environment characterized by high levels of threat—exhibit attention biases toward facial displays of anger, identify anger with little perceptual information, have difficulty disengaging from angry faces, and display anticipatory monitoring of the environment following interpersonal displays of anger (Pollak, Cicchetti, Hornung, & Reed, 2000; Pollak & Sinha, 2002;”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pollak, Cicchetti, Hornung, & Reed, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Pollak & Sinha, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Pollak & Tolley-Schell, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These attention biases are specific to children who have experienced violence; for example, children who have been neglected (i.e., an environment characterized by deprivation in social and cognitive inputs) experience difficulty discriminating facial expressions of emotion but do not exhibit attention biases toward threat (Pollak, Klorman, Thatcher, & Cicchetti, 2001; Pollak et al., 2005).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pollak, Klorman, Thatcher, & Cicchetti, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Pollak et al., 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experiences of uncontrollable threat are associated with strong learning of specific contingencies and overgeneralization of that learning to novel contexts, which facilitates the processing of salient emotional cues in the environment (e.g., biased attention to threat).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“High reliance on rumination as a strategy for responding to distress has been observed in adolescents and adults who were abused as children (Conway, Mendelson, Giannopoulos, Csank, & Holm, 2005; Heleniak et al., in press; Sarin & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010), adolescents who experienced victimization by peers (McLaughlin, Hatzenbuehler, & Hilt, 2009), and both adolescents and adults exposed to a wide”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Conway, Mendelson, Giannopoulos, Csank, & Holm, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Heleniak et al., in press
- Not checked yetcites Sarin & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the same time, these mechanisms are also specific in that each is most likely to emerge following exposure to specific dimensions of adverse early experience.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Proximal risk factors directly influence symptoms and are temporally closer to symptom onset and often easier to modify than distal risk factors (Nolen-Hoeksema & Watkins, 2011).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nolen-Hoeksema & Watkins, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They represent environmental conditions largely outside the control of the child that are linked to the onset of psychopathology only through intervening causal mechanisms that represent more proximal risk factors.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Distal Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nolen-Hoeksema and Watkins (2011) argued that proximal risk factors are within-person factors that mediate the relationship between distal risk factors—including aspects of environmental context that are difficult to modify, such as childhood adversity—and the emergence of psychopathology.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nolen-Hoeksema & Watkins, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Atypical physiological responses to emotional cues have also been documented consistently among children who have experienced trauma, although the specific pattern of findings has varied across studies depending on the specific physiological measures and emotion eliciting paradigms employed.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although genetic variation clearly contributes to developmental trajectories of adaptation and maladaptation following childhood adversity, this topic has been reviewed extensively elsewhere (Heim & Binder, 2012; McCrory, De Brito, & Viding, 2010; Uher & McGuffin, 2010)”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND YOUTH PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Characterizing the Interplay of Risk and Protective Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heim & Binder, 2012
- Not checked yetcites McCrory, De Brito, & Viding, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Uher & McGuffin, 2010
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“deficits have also been observed among children raised in low SES families, including problems with working memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility (Blair, 2002; Farah et al., 2006; Noble et al., 2007; Noble, Norman, & Farah, 2005; Raver, Blair, Willoughby, & The Family life Project Key Investigators, 2013), as well as deficits in language abilities (Fernald, Marchman, & Weisleder, 2”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Blair, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Farah et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Noble et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an increase in ventral striatum response to happy emotional faces occurred from childhood to adolescence in typically developing children but not in children reared in deprived institutions (Goff et al., 2013).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goff et al., 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children raised in institutional settings exhibit a range of deficits in cognitive functions including general intellectual ability (Nelson et al., 2007; O’Connor, Rutter, Beckett, Keaveney, & Kreppner, 2000), expressive and receptive language (Albers, Johnson, Hostetter, Iverson, & Miller, 1997; Windsor et al., 2011), and executive function skills (Bos et al., 2009; Tibu et al., 2016).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nelson et al., 2007
- Not checked yetcites O’Connor, Rutter, Beckett, Keaveney, & Kreppner, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Albers, Johnson, Hostetter, Iverson, & Miller, 1997
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some of these dimensions of environmental experience have also been shown to be deprived among children raised in poverty, including access to cognitively enriching activities—including access to books, toys, and puzzles; learning opportunities outside the home (e.g., museums) and within the context of the parent–child relationship (e.g., parental encouragement of learning colors, words, and num”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bradley, Convyn, Burchinal, McAdoo, & Coll, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Bradley, Corwyn, McAdoo, & Coll, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Dubowitz et al., 2002
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“degree of environmental stimulation in the home and amount and quality of maternal language each predict the development of language skills in early childhood (Farah et al., 2008; Hoff, 2003)”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Farah et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Hoff, 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“recent work suggests that children raised in deprived early environments exhibit elevated amygdala response to facial emotion and a mature pattern of functional connectivity between the amygdala and mPFC during emotional-processing tasks (Gee et al., 2013; Tottenham et al., 2011).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gee et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Tottenham et al., 2011
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“attention biases to threat and overgeneral autobiographical memory biases have been linked to anxiety and depression, respectively, in numerous studies (Bar-Haim, Lamy, Bakermans-Kranenburgh, Pergamin, & Van Ijzendoorn, 2007; Williams et al., 2007)”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bar-Haim, Lamy, Bakermans-Kranenburgh, Pergamin, & Van Ijzendoorn, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Williams et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“children raised in both institutional settings and low SES families exhibit deficits in expressive and receptive language (Albers et al., 1997; Hoff, 2003; Noble et al., 2007; Noble et al., 2005; Windsor et al., 2011) in addition to problems with executive functioning skills.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Albers et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Hoff, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Noble et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“deficits in executive functioning and marked elevations in the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—which is characterized by executive functioning problems—are persistent over time even after placement into a stable family environment (Bos et al., 2009; Tibu et al., 2016; Zeanah et al., 2009).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bos et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Tibu et al., 2016
- Not checked yetcites Zeanah et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A similar pattern of poor inhibitory control and altered lateral PFC recruitment during an inhibition task has also been observed in children raised in institutional settings (Mueller et al., 2010).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mueller et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The lateral prefrontal cortex is one of the brain regions most centrally involved in executive functioning.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They are also associated with elevated risk for the onset of substance use problems and other types of risky behavior (Crews & Boettiger, 2009; Patrick, Blair, & Maggs, 2008), including criminal behavior (Moffitt et al., 2011) and the likelihood of becoming incarcerated (Yechiam et al., 2008).”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Proximal Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Crews & Boettiger, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Patrick, Blair, & Maggs, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Moffitt et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exposure to childhood adversity represents one of the most potent risk factors for the onset of psychopathology.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > CONCLUSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“their model argues that ongoing environmental context and neurobiological factors can moderate the impact of proximal risk factors on psychopathology by raising concerns or themes that are acted upon by proximal risk factors and by shaping responses to and altering the reinforcement value of particular types of stimuli.”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > A TRANSDIAGNOSTIC MODEL OF CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Moderators of Trajectories From Proximal Risk Factors to Psychopathology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nolen-Hoeksema & Watkins, 2011
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Understanding developmental mechanisms and protective factors will make it possible to design interventions that prevent psychopathology after childhood adversity.
“Greater understanding of these pathways and identification of protective factors that buffer children from developmental disruptions following exposure to adversity is essential to guide the development of interventions to prevent the onset of psychopathology following adverse childhood experiences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sensitive periods in emotional, social, cognitive, and neurobiological development exist and can be identified by studying the timing of adversity exposure.
“This concept points to a critical area for future research on childhood adversity involving the identification of sensitive periods of emotional, cognitive, social, and neurobiological development when inputs from the environment are particularly influential.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Childhood adversity is a coherent construct that can be defined and measured consistently enough to support cumulative research.
“The first concrete recommendation for future research is that the field must utilize a consistent definition of childhood adversity”
The paper relies on this without support.
The mechanisms by which child maltreatment or other adversity influence a generalized liability to psychopathology have not been specified.
“However, the mechanisms that explain how child maltreatment, or other forms of adversity, influence a generalized liability to psychopathology have not been specified.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few attempts have been made to articulate a model explaining how childhood adversity leads to diverse mental disorders.
“To date, there have been few attempts to articulate a model explaining how childhood adversity leads to the diversity of mental disorders with which it is associated (i. e., multifinality).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fine-grained measurement of threat and deprivation has often not been conducted within the same study.
“Fine-grained measurement of the dimensions of threat and deprivation has often not been conducted within the same study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The mechanisms linking diverse forms of childhood adversity to reward responsiveness have not been clearly identified.
“Although the mechanisms underlying the link between diverse forms of childhood adversity and responsiveness to reward have yet to be clearly identified”
The paper relies on this without support.
Exposure to deprivation and threat is highly co-occurring in children.
“we do not propose that exposure to deprivation and threat occurs independently for children, as these experiences are highly co-occurring”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lateral prefrontal cortex is one of the brain regions most centrally involved in executive functioning.
“and is one of the brain regions most centrally involved in executive functioning.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Studies examining exposure to trauma seldom measure indices of deprivation, and studies of deprivation rarely assess or control for trauma exposure.
“Second, studies examining exposure to trauma seldom measure indicies of deprivation, nor do they adjust for deprivation exposure (just as studies of deprivation rarely assess or control for trauma exposure).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Children vary markedly in their sensitivity to environmental context.
“Children vary markedly in their sensitivity to environmental context.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“youth who experience trauma face particularly elevated risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders (SUDs), even when adjusting for co-occurring individual and family characteristics [7, 8].”
From Interventions for prevention and treatment of substance use in youth with traumatic childhood experiences: a systematic review and synthesis of the literature (2024) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Individuals exposed to childhood adversity have increased risk of mood, anxiety, behavioral and substance abuse disorders which do not display specificity to the type of adversity (Kessler et al. 1997; McLaughlin 2016).”
From Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis (2017) · cites this paper as McLaughlin 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, the likelihood of these disorders increases with the number of adversities experienced (McLaughlin 2016).”
From Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis (2017) · cites this paper as McLaughlin 2016
In the citing paper
“evidence is accumulating that ELA influences mental health by altering the developing brain in ways that contribute to the onset of psychopathology,1,17,18”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > References
“Conway M Mendelson M Giannopoulos C Csank PAR Holm SL 2005”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > References
“Child Abuse and Neglect 2004 28 393 410”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > References
“Heleniak C Riese H Ormel J McLaughlin KA in press”
§ Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology > References
“Autonomic nervous system reactivity as a mechanism linking child trauma to adolescent psychopathology Manuscript under review”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943
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Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00164 · Cited by 9,381 · cited 2×
“Indeed, modern conceptualizations of resilience describe it as a developmental process that unfolds over time as an ongoing transaction between a child and the multiple contexts in which he or she is embedded (Luthar et al., 2000).”
BackgroundChild abuse: Adolescent records vs. adult recall
Femina, D. D., Yeager, C. A., & Lewis, D. O. (1990) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(90)90033-p · Cited by 8,820
Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development.
Masten, A. S. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227 · Cited by 8,497 · cited 2×
“Although psychopathology is common among children exposed to a wide range of adverse environments, many children exhibit adaptation and resilience following adversity (Masten, 2001; Masten, Best, & Garmezy, 1990).”
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733
Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004 · Cited by 6,686
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172
The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress
Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., THE COMMITTEE ON PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF CHILD AND FAMILY HEALTH, C. O. E. C., Siegel, B. S., Dobbins, M. I., Earls, M. F., Garner, A. S., McGuinn, L., Pascoe, J., & Wood, D. L. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2663 · Cited by 5,164 · cited 2×
“Second, how is adversity different from toxic stress, a construct recently developed by Jack Shonkoff and colleagues (Shonkoff & Garner, 2012)?”
BackgroundA gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1010076108 · Cited by 4,885 · cited 3×
“Recent work suggests that executive functioning measured in early childhood predicts a wide range of outcomes in adulthood in the domains of health, SES, and criminal behavior, over and above the effects of IQ (Moffitt et al., 2011).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 25
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations
Kirkbride, J. B., Anglin, D. M., Colman, I., Dykxhoorn, J. L., Jones, P. B., Patalay, P., Pitman, A., Soneson, E., Steare, T., Wright, T., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21160 · Cited by 1,619
“Experience of childhood adversity is unfortunately common 89,92,93 .”
BackgroundChildhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892
“We use the term childhood adversity to refer to negative environmental experiences that are likely to require significant adaptation by an average child and that represent a deviation from the expectable environment (McLaughlin 2016).”
MethodSelf-citationMcLaughlin, K. A., Colich, N. L., Rodman, A. M., & Weissman, D. G. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01561-6 · Cited by 672
“, angry or fearful faces; social situations depicting people experiencing negative emotions) elicit greater emotional responses in children with trauma histories as compared to children who have never encountered trauma [31, 65].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSuglia, S. F., Koenen, K. C., Boynton-Jarrett, R., Chan, P. S., Clark, C. J., Danese, A., Faith, M. S., Goldstein, B. I., Hayman, L. L., Isasi, C. R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000536 · Cited by 518
A hierarchical causal taxonomy of psychopathology across the life span.
Lahey, B. B., Krueger, R. F., Rathouz, P. J., Waldman, I. D., & Zald, D. H. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000069 · Cited by 443
“These findings are consistent with the results of many studies that suggest that child abuse and neglect are related nonspecifically to future psychopathology (McLaughlin, 2016).”
Result
Metadata
- Authors
- McLaughlin, K. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- McLaughlin, Katie A.
- ORCID
- McLaughlin, Katie A.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-02-05
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 361-382
- ISSN
- 1537-4416 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-4424
- PMC
- PMC4837019
- OpenAlex
- W2306162641
- Semantic Scholar
- 3aefdf34a89c1be16735c58fd3be649eda3cef3d
- Cited by
- 576
- References
- 245
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 43.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (K01-MH092526, R01-MH103291)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, adverse childhood experiences, youth psychopathology, developmental mechanisms, protective factors, multifinality, transdiagnostic model, emotional processing, executive function, prevention interventions, developmental trajectories
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Development, Emotions, Humans, Life Change Events, Mental Health, Psychopathology, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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