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Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery
Open accessAbstract
Background Carbohydrate (CHO) and carbohydrate-protein co-ingestion (CHO-P) have been shown to be equally effective for enhancing glycogen resynthesis and subsequent same-day performance when CHO intake is suboptimal (≤0.8 g/kg). Few studies have specifically examined the effect of isocaloric CHO vs CHO-P consumption on subsequent high-intensity aerobic performance with limited time to recover (≤2 hours) in masters class endurance athletes.Methods This was a randomized, double-blind between-subject design. Twenty-two male masters class endurance athletes (age 49.1 ± 6.9 years; height 175.8 ± 4.8 cm; body mass 80.7 ± 8.6 kg; body fat (%) 19.1 ± 5.8; VO2peak 48.6 ± 6.7 ml·kg·min−1) were assigned to consume one of three beverages during a 2-hour recovery period: Placebo (PLA; electrolytes and water), CHO (1.2 g/kg bm), or CHO-P (0.8 g/kg bm CHO + 0.4 g/kg bm PRO). All beverages were standardized to one liter (~32 oz.) of total fluid volume regardless of the treatment group. During Visit #1, participants completed graded exercise testing on a cycle ergometer to determine VO2peak and peak power output (PPO, watts). Visit #2 consisted of familiarization with the high-intensity protocol including 5 × 4 min intervals at 70-80% of PPO with 2 min of active recovery at 50 W, followed by a time to exhaustion (TTE) test at 90% PPO. During Visit#3, the same high-intensity interval protocol with TTE was conducted pre-and post-beverage consumption.Results A one-way ANCOVA indicated a significant difference among the group means for the posttest TTE (F2,18 = 6.702, p = .007, ƞ2 = .427) values after adjusting for the pretest differences. TTE performance in the second exercise bout improved for the CHO (295.48 ± 24.90) and CHO-P (255.08 ± 25.07 sec) groups. The water and electrolyte solution was not effective in restoring TTE performance in the PLA group (171.13 ± 23.71 sec).Conclusions Both CHO and CHO-P effectively promoted an increase in TTE performance with limited time to recover in this sample of masters class endurance athletes. Water and electrolytes alone were not effective for restoring endurance capacity during the second bout of exhaustive exercise.
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TL;DR
In male masters class endurance athletes, both carbohydrate (CHO) and carbohydrate-protein (CHO-P) recovery drinks improved subsequent time-to-exhaustion performance after a 2-hour recovery compared with placebo, with no difference between CHO and CHO-P. CHO and CHO-P also improved heart-rate recovery index versus placebo.
Key findings
- Posttest time to exhaustion (TTE) differed among groups after adjusting for pretest TTE: F2,18 = 6.702, p = .007, η² = .427. Adjusted posttest TTE was 295.48 ± 24.90 sec for CHO and 255.08 ± 25.07 sec for CHO-P versus 171.13 ± 23.71 sec for PLA; CHO vs PLA p < .002, CHO-P vs PLA p = .028, CHO vs CHO-P p = .265.
- The paper reports TTE improved by 30% with CHO and 19% with CHO-P, whereas TTE declined by 20% in PLA.
- Heart-rate recovery index (HRRi) posttest values differed among groups at 1 min (F2,17 = 6.715, p = .007), 2 min (F2,17 = 5.720, p = .013), and 5 min (F2,17 = 6.438, p = .008). PLA differed from CHO and CHO-P at all three time points, with no differences between CHO and CHO-P (1 min p = .469; 2 min p = .628; 5 min p = .549).
- Dietary analysis in 13 of 22 participants showed no significant differences (p > .05) in total energy, protein, fat, or carbohydrate intake among groups.
Methods
- Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled between-subject design in 22 male masters class endurance athletes (age 49.1 ± 6.9 years; VO2peak 48.6 ± 6.7 mL·kg·min−1).
- Three visits: graded exercise test to determine VO2peak and peak power output; familiarization with 5 × 4 min intervals at 70–80% PPO plus TTE at 90% PPO; experimental visit with the same interval/TTE protocol before and after beverage consumption.
- During a 2-hour recovery, participants consumed PLA (electrolytes and water), CHO (1.2 g/kg body mass), or CHO-P (0.8 g/kg CHO + 0.4 g/kg protein), all standardized to 1 L total fluid. Main analyses used separate one-way ANCOVA for TTE and HRRi with pretest values as covariate; Quade nonparametric ANCOVA was used when assumptions were not met, with Fisher’s LSD post hoc tests.
Limitations
- Paper-stated: dietary compliance was limited (24-hour dietary recall data reported for 13 of 22 participants); dietary intake was not standardized before the experimental protocol; testing was not in a fasted state; caffeine intake 24 hours before testing was not quantified or restricted; individual/group recovery-drink completion times were not provided; many participants terminated the prescribed 5-min cool down early.
- Paper-stated: the authors note that HRR may not be a suitable indicator for parasympathetic recovery with fluid alone, within the first 5 min after exercise cessation, or after high-intensity exercise, and suggest a more standardized cool down and longer seated/supine assessment.
- Evident from the text: group sizes were small (PLA n = 8; CHO n = 7; CHO-P n = 7, with HRRi CHO-P n = 5 in Table 3), and pretest TTE values varied widely across groups before ANCOVA adjustment.
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In the paper
“Weight either approached or returned to baseline for all participants following consumption of 1.1 ± 0.2 liters of fluid during the 2-hour recovery period.”
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Discussion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On an individual level, unadjusted values indicated 63% (5 of 8) of participants in the PLA group demonstrated a decline in TTE performance averaging a − 68 sec change from the first to second bout of exercise, with a range of −16 to −185 sec.”
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“The strength of the association (i.e. effect size, ƞ2) indicated that the treatment groups (PLA, CHO, and CHO-P) accounted for 43% of the variance of the posttest TTE values.”
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Results > High-Intensity Aerobic Interval and Time to Exhaustion
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Results indicated an improved recovery for both the CHO and CHO-P conditions at each of the three time points postexercise, with no difference between conditions.”
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption not shown here.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current study, TTE performance in the second exercise bout improved for the CHO (295.48 ± 24.90 sec) and CHO-P (255.08 ± 25.07 sec) groups.”
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Discussion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Methods > Procedures
“HRRi=(Finalpeakheartrate(bpm)+HeartRate1min(bpm))/(TTE(sec)x90%PPO)”
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Methods > Procedures
“Total work was calculated as TTE in sec x 90% PPO divided by 1000 (kilojoules).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Results > Dietary analysis
“| | Total(n = 13) | PLA(n = 6) | CHO(n = 4) | CHO-P(n = 4) |”
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Results > Dietary analysis
“5 of 8 participants in the PLA group; 4 of 7 participants in the CHO group; 4 of 7 participants in the CHO-P group.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Results > Participants
“Nine of 22 total participants had a body fat percentage greater than 20% with three being placed into PLA group”
§ Carbohydrate-Protein drink is effective for restoring endurance capacity in masters class athletes after a two-Hour recovery > Results > Participants
“fat-free mass (kg) was used to calculate the nutrient needs of four (18.1%; three placed in the CHO group and one in the CHO-P group) participants.”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goldstein, E. R., Stout, J. R., Wells, A. J., Antonio, J., Vasenina, E., & Fukuda, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Stetson University (US)
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Fight Science Laboratory, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
- Corresponding author
- Goldstein, Erica R.
- Venue
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-02-26
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2178858-2178858
- ISSN
- 1550-2783 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9970201
- OpenAlex
- W4322208067
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- there is no funding
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- time to exhaustion, high-intensity interval exercise, glycogen resynthesis, post-exercise recovery, peak power, electrolyte solutions, peak oxygen uptake
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Dietary Carbohydrates, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Endurance, Polyesters, Exercise, Athletes
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