A review of natural fibers used in biocomposites: plant, animal and regenerated cellulose fibers
Abstract
Natural fibers today are a popular choice for applications in composite manufacturing. Based on the sustainability benefits, biofibers such as plant fibers are replacing synthetic fibers in composites. These fibers are used to manufacture several biocomposites. The chemical composition and properties of each of the fibers changes, which demands the detailed comparison of these fibers. The reinforcement potential of natural fibers and their properties have been described in numerous papers. Today, high performance biocomposites are produced from several years of research. Plant fibers, particularly bast and leaf, find applications in automotive industries. While most of the other fibers are explored in lab scales they have not yet found large-scale commercial applications. It is necessary to also consider other fibers such as ones made from seed (coir) and animals (chicken feather) as they are secondary or made from waste products. Few plant fibers such as bast fibers are often reviewed briefly but other plant and animal fibers are not discussed in detail. This review paper discusses all the six types of plant fibers such as bast, leaf, seed, straw, grass, and wood, together with animal fibers and regenerated cellulose fibers. Additionally, the review considers developments dealing with natural fibers and their composites. The fiber source, extraction, availability, type, composition, and mechanical properties are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of using each biofiber are discussed. Three fabric architectures such as nonwoven, woven and knitted have been briefly discussed. Finally, the paper presents the overview of the results from the composites made from each fiber with suitable references for in-depth studies.
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Mycelium-based materials are of low density but exhibit excellent insulation properties and high stiffness.
“These materials are of low density but exhibit excellent insulation properties and high stiffness (Dicker et al., 2014;Ramamoorthy et al., 2015).”
From Packaging design for the circular economy: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Ramamoorthy et al., 2015
Hemp ranges anywhere from 0.5 to 5 m in height, but on average grows to a height of 1 to 3.5 m with a diameter between 1 and 5.5 cm.
“Hemp ranges anywhere from 0.5 to 5 m in height, but on average grows to a height of 1 to 3.5 m with a diameter between 1 and 5.5 cm (Ramamoorthy et al. 2015; Zheljazkov et al. 2023).”
From A critical review of industrial fiber hemp anatomy, agronomic practices, and valorization into sustainable bioproducts (2025) · cites this paper as Ramamoorthy et al. 2015
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Textile dyeing industry: Environmental impacts and remediation
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“Hemp ranges anywhere from 0.5 to 5 m in height, but on average grows to a height of 1 to 3.5 m with a diameter between 1 and 5.5 cm (Ramamoorthy et al. 2015; Zheljazkov et al. 2023).”
Influential
- Authors
- Ramamoorthy, S. K., Skrifvars, M., & Persson, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Borås (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Skrifvars, Mikael
- Venue
- Polymer Reviews
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2015-01-02
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-162
- ISSN
- 0736-6574 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-3724
- 1558-3716
- OpenAlex
- W1998803072
- Cited by
- 801
- References
- 393
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 19.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of macromolecular science. Part C, Reviews in macromolecular chemistry and physics/Journal of macromolecular science. Reviews in macromolecular chemistry and physics (publishedVersion)
- Borås Academic Digital Archive (University of Borås) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Dyeing and Modifying Textile Fibers
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Innovative concrete reinforcement materials
- Keywords
- natural fibers, biocomposites, plant fibers, animal fibers, regenerated cellulose fibers, bast fibers, leaf fibers, coconut fiber, chicken feather fiber, straw fiber, wood fibers, fiber extraction, mechanical properties, nonwoven fabrics, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, automotive composites
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