Standardised rating scales in Psychiatry: methodological basis, their possibilities and limitations and descriptions of important rating scales
Abstract
Standardized rating scales are an important tool to improve the assessment of psychopathological symptoms in terms of validity and reliability. Especially observer-rated scales are of primary importance in this respect. Self-rating scales can give a meaningful complementary view to the findings of observer-rated scales. Besides scales covering more or less the whole spectrum of psychopathological symptoms, specialised scales focussing only on symptoms of disorders like schizophrenia or depression were developed. They are widely used, specifically for pragmatic reasons.
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Self-ratings are typically subject to biases and misinterpretations.
“However, their inclusion is recommended, as self-ratings are typically subject to biases and misinterpretations (Glass et al., 1987; Möller, 2009).”
From Virtual Reality exposure therapy in the treatment of public speaking anxiety and social anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Möller, 2009
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Do effectiveness (“real world”) studies on antipsychotics tell us the real truth?
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Depressive disorder and thyroid axis functioning during pregnancy
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Evidence-based medicine in psychopharmacotherapy: possibilities, problems and limitations
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Principle standards and problems regarding proof of efficacy in clinical psychopharmacology
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“However, their inclusion is recommended, as self-ratings are typically subject to biases and misinterpretations (Glass et al., 1987; M ¨ oller, 2009).”
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The consequences of DSM-5 for psychiatric diagnosis and psychopharmacotherapy
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Validation of the Arabic version of the “self-evaluation of negative symptoms” scale (SNS)
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A Decision-Support System to Personalize Antidepressant Treatment in Major Depressive Disorder
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Townsend, M. L., Kelly, M. A., Pickard, J. A., Larkin, T., Flood, V. M., Caputi, P., Wright, I. M. R., Jones, A., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2019) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-019-0418-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Interictal dysphoric disorder in people with and without epilepsy
Зинчук, М. С., Kustov, G., Pashnin, E., Pochigaeva, K., Rider, F. K., Yakovlev, A. A., Hesdorffer, D. C., Hauser, W. A., & Guekht, A. B. (2021) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.16902 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
SPANISH TRANSLATION OF THE MOOD RHYTHM INSTRUMENT: A NOVEL APPROACH TO MOOD EVALUATION
Francisco, A. P., de Oliveira, M. A. B., Carissimi, A., Fabris, R. C., Ilgenfritz, C. A. V., de Souza, C. M., Medeiros, M. S., Adán, A., & Hidalgo, M. P. L. (2017) · Clinical & Biomedical Research · doi:10.4322/2357-9730.69877 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Maß, R., Backhaus, K., Hestermann, D., Balzer, C., & Szelies, M. (2019) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152124 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
TMS in the Kingdom of Denmark: an overview of current clinical practice
Barata, P. C., Pimenta, S., & Sack, A. T. (2024) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2024.2419620 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Development and validation study of the suicide screening questionnaire-observer rating (SSQ-OR)
Choi, Y.-H., Yook, V., Yang, K., Cho, Y., Lee, D. H., Lee, H. J., Lee, D. H., & Jeon, H. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.945051 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Improving impulsivity assessment using movement recognition: A pilot study
Delgado‐Gómez, D., Carmona-Vázquez, C., Bayona, S., Cuadros, J. A., Aguado, D., Baca‐García, E., & López‐Castromán, J. (2015) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0668-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yadav, P., de la Torre, J. A., Bakolis, I., Bartoll, X., Casajuana, C., Farran, J. C., Dregan, A., Forero, C. G., Botella-Juan, L., Martín, V., et al. (2025) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2024-301433 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Larach, V. W., Varela, L. F., Vergara, G., Rojas, I., Hernández, V., Casanueva, R., & Irarrázaval, M. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01254-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Borrione, L., Cirillo, P. C., Aparicio, L. V. M., Cavendish, B. A., Valiengo, L. D. C. L., Moura, D. O., de Souza, J. P., Luethi, M. S., Klein, I., Bariani, B., et al. (2022) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2022.2083959 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An exploration of blood-based biomarkers of negative symptoms of psychosis in men
Rodrigues, A., Santos, H. C., Ferreira, S., Diogo, V. S., Costa, M. A. D. S., Brissos, S., Marques, J. G., & Prata, D. P. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.06.050 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Haller, J., Faludi, G., Gábor, K., Purebl, G., Füzesi, Z., & Freund, T. F. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18020264 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Critical trial-related criteria in acute schizophrenia studies
Riedel, M. J., Leucht, S., Rüther, E., Schmauß, M., & Möller, H. (2011) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0225-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Correlation with Clinical and Genetic Factors
Hajj, A., Hallit, S. R., Chamoun, K., Sacre, H., Obeïd, S., Haddad, C., Dollfus, S., & Khabbaz, L. R. (2021) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs-2020-0171 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Maß, R., Schottke, M.-L., Müller, M., Lübbers, F., Mueller‐Alcazar, A., Kolbeck, S., & Morgenroth, O. (2021) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-1559-4251 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Moller, H. J. (2014) · Guide to Assessment Scales in Major Depressive Disorder · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04627-3_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Alves, P., Faísca, L., Sales, C. M. D., & Ashworth, M. J. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00396-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Humayun, M., Brouillette, M., Fellows, L. K., & Mayo, N. E. (2023) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-023-03475-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Möller, H. ‐. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04627-3_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Moving beyond diagnostic labels in psychiatry: outcome‐linked treatment modelling
Lyndon, S. (2025) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2025-102436 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Why are new antidepressants failing to make the grade for approval?
Möller, H. (2017) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2017.1311324 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ranganathan, P. R., & Ramasamy, S. (2025) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176241310942 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lee, M. H. M. H., Yap, K. H., & Ho, M. R. (2025) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2025.10042 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hofmann, A. B., Dörner, M., Klassen, P. E., Machetanz, L., & Kirchebner, J. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116537 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
de León-Martínez, S., Ruiz, M., Parra, E., Giglioli, I. A. C., Courtet, P., López‐Castromán, J., Artés-Rodrı́guez, A., Baca‐García, E., Porras‐Segovia, A., & Barrigón, M. L. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058486 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy Research
Kim, K., & Jeon, H. J. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_16 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Barata, P. C., Daftari, B., Pedersen, M. B., & Sack, A. T. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120869 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychopathology: Rating Scales for the Assessment of Mental Status
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Evaluating Attentional Impulsivity: A Biomechatronic Approach
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Kuga, A., Otsubo, T., Tsuji, T., Hayashi, S., Imagawa, H., Fujikoshi, S., & Escobar, R. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s195445 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Foundations of phenomenology/descriptive psychopathology
Möller, H. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Classification Systems of Mental Disorders: Where Did We Go Wrong?
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KBT via internet för patienter med egentlig depression inom öppenvårdspsykiatrin
Bergelin, E., & Walldén, A. (2011) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Standardisierte psychiatrische Befunddiagnostik
Möller, H. ‐. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33129-2_21
The patient's subjective dimension within a Psychiatry for the Person
Schennach, R. (2011) · The International Journal of Person Centered Medicine · doi:10.5750/ijpcm.v1i3.54
Introduction to assessment in depression
Kasper, S. F., & Möller, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04627-3_1
Standardisierte Befunddiagnostik in der Psychiatrie
Möller, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_24
Psychopathology: Rating Scales for the Assessment of Mental Status
Stieglitz, R., & Volz, H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_5-1
Standardisierte psychiatrische Befunddiagnostik
Möller, H. ‐. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03637-8_22
Bech, P. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781118511800.refs
Standardisierte Befunddiagnostik in der Psychiatrie
Möller, H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_24-1
Kohnen, R., Beneš, H., Broich, K., & Fischer, T. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19844-1_49
Kolc, K. L., Tan, Y. X. K., Lo, A. Z. Y., Shvetcov, A., Mitchell, P. B., & Perkes, I. E. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/4ruhd
Validating the Persian Version of the Self-stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) Scale
Hedayati, F., Mohammadjafari, A., Mirsepassi, Z., & Amini, H. (2024) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-148609
Trizna, M., Jeleń, A., Dębski, P. G., Smolarczyk, J., Piegza, M. J., Kiejna, A., & Adamowski, T. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2025.23711
- Authors
- Möller, H.-J.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Möller, Hans-Jürgen
- ORCID
- Möller, Hans-Jürgen
- Venue
- The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-26
- ISSN
- 1562-2975 (ISSN-L)
- 1814-1412
- OpenAlex
- W2007300324
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 13.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Eisai
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- self-rating scale, validity, reliability statistics, schizophrenia, depression, psychiatric assessment
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychiatry, Psychometrics, Reference Standards, Schizophrenia, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results
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