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Standardised rating scales in Psychiatry: Methodological basis, their possibilities and limitations and descriptions of important rating scales
Abstract
Standardized rating scales are an important tool to improve the assessment of psychopathological symptoms in terms of validity and reliability. Especially observer-rated scales are of primary importance in this respect. Self-rating scales can give a meaningful complementary view to the findings of observer-rated scales. Besides scales covering more or less the whole spectrum of psychopathological symptoms, specialised scales focussing only on symptoms of disorders like schizophrenia or depression were developed. They are widely used, specifically for pragmatic reasons.
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“However, their inclusion is recommended, as self-ratings are typically subject to biases and misinterpretations (Glass et al., 1987; Möller, 2009).”
From Virtual Reality exposure therapy in the treatment of public speaking anxiety and social anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Möller, 2009
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Ranganathan, P. R., & Ramasamy, S. (2025) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176241310942 · Cited by 2
Lee, M. H. M. H., Yap, K. H., & Ho, M. R. (2025) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2025.10042 · Cited by 2
Hofmann, A. B., Dörner, M., Klassen, P. E., Machetanz, L., & Kirchebner, J. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116537 · Cited by 1
de León-Martínez, S., Ruiz, M., Parra, E., Giglioli, I. A. C., Courtet, P., López‐Castromán, J., Artés-Rodrı́guez, A., Baca‐García, E., Porras‐Segovia, A., & Barrigón, M. L. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058486 · Cited by 2
Psychopharmacology and Psychotherapy Research
Kim, K., & Jeon, H. J. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_16 · Cited by 2
Barata, P. C., Daftari, B., Pedersen, M. B., & Sack, A. T. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120869 · Cited by 1
Psychopathology: Rating Scales for the Assessment of Mental Status
Stieglitz, R., & Volz, H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_5 · Cited by 1
Evaluating Attentional Impulsivity: A Biomechatronic Approach
Zare, F., Sedighi, P., & Delrobaei, M. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · doi:10.1109/tim.2023.3292964 · Cited by 1
Kuga, A., Otsubo, T., Tsuji, T., Hayashi, S., Imagawa, H., Fujikoshi, S., & Escobar, R. (2019) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s195445 · Cited by 1
Foundations of phenomenology/descriptive psychopathology
Möller, H. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Classification Systems of Mental Disorders: Where Did We Go Wrong?
Möller, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42637-8_12 · Cited by 1
KBT via internet för patienter med egentlig depression inom öppenvårdspsykiatrin
Bergelin, E., & Walldén, A. (2011) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University) · Cited by 1
Standardisierte psychiatrische Befunddiagnostik
Möller, H. ‐. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33129-2_21 · Cited by 1
The patient's subjective dimension within a Psychiatry for the Person
Schennach, R. (2011) · The International Journal of Person Centered Medicine · doi:10.5750/ijpcm.v1i3.54
Introduction to assessment in depression
Kasper, S. F., & Möller, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04627-3_1
Standardisierte Befunddiagnostik in der Psychiatrie
Möller, H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_24
Psychopathology: Rating Scales for the Assessment of Mental Status
Stieglitz, R., & Volz, H. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_5-1
Standardisierte psychiatrische Befunddiagnostik
Möller, H. ‐. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03637-8_22
Bech, P. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118511800.refs
Standardisierte Befunddiagnostik in der Psychiatrie
Möller, H. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_24-1
Kohnen, R., Beneš, H., Broich, K., & Fischer, T. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19844-1_49
Kolc, K. L., Tan, Y. X. K., Lo, A. Z. Y., Shvetcov, A., Mitchell, P. B., & Perkes, I. E. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/4ruhd
Validating the Persian Version of the Self-stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH) Scale
Hedayati, F., Mohammadjafari, A., Mirsepassi, Z., & Amini, H. (2024) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs-148609
Trizna, M., Jeleń, A., Dębski, P. G., Smolarczyk, J., Piegza, M. J., Kiejna, A., & Adamowski, T. (2025) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2025.23711
Sanguineti, A., McConachie, H., Davico, C., Vitiello, B., Carrara, L., & Salomone, E. (2026) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-026-10081-9
Metadata
- Authors
- Möller, H.-J.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Möller, Hans-Jürgen
- ORCID
- Möller, Hans-Jürgen
- Venue
- The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-26
- ISSN
- 1562-2975 (ISSN-L)
- 1814-1412
- OpenAlex
- W2007300324
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 13.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Eisai
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- self-rating scale, validity, reliability statistics, schizophrenia, depression, psychiatric assessment
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Personality Assessment, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychiatry, Psychometrics, Reference Standards, Schizophrenia, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results
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